Pearn J
Centre for Disease Control, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, Australia.
Mil Med. 2000 Oct;165(10):726-9.
Poliomyelitis remains a disease of significance to military medicine. The medical branches of the military of many nations have much to contribute in the final 4 years of the campaign to eradicate poliomyelitis from the world. The service requirements of immunization remain a logistic charge on the defense health services of all nations. Risks to unimmunized troops remain current in the poliomyelitis endemic regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa; and recent epidemics in India, West Africa, and Albania have involved military personnel in containment programs. The 20th century has seen global attempts to eradicate seven diseases--hookworm, yellow fever, yaws, malaria, smallpox, dracunculiasis, and poliomyelitis. The first four of these were total failures, in spite of huge military logistic resources, especially in the case of yellow fever and malaria. But the global eradication of smallpox, achieved in 1979, led to the World Health Organization's Declaration of a Smallpox-Free World in 1980. Its success ranks as one of the greatest achievements in the history of medicine. Lessons learned and encouragement derived from that program led to the institution of the Poliomyelitis Global Eradication Program in 1988. Following the Declaration of a Polio-Free America, the target date for the Declaration of a Poliomyelitis-Free World has been set for 2004. Regional surveillance programs use the quality-control portal of acute flaccid paralysis to monitor every potential clinical case of acute poliomyelitis. In the Western Pacific region, a region of 22 countries with a recent history of significant operational deployments, 15 countries had experienced endemic poliomyelitis before 1990. In this region, the last case of poliomyelitis (in Cambodia) was reported in March 1997. Such audit, together with massive point vaccination programs, many using massive military support, conducted since 1997 hold realistic promise that the world may be declared poliomyelitis-free by 2004. Poliomyelitis will be more difficult to eradicate than smallpox; and the current world campaign will succeed only with the logistic and professional input of the military of many nations.
脊髓灰质炎仍然是军事医学领域的重要疾病。在全球根除脊髓灰质炎运动的最后四年中，许多国家的军队医疗部门能做出很大贡献。免疫接种的服务需求仍然是各国国防卫生服务的一项后勤负担。在欧洲、亚洲和非洲的脊髓灰质炎流行地区，未接种疫苗的部队仍然面临风险；印度、西非和阿尔巴尼亚最近的疫情使军事人员参与了疫情控制计划。20世纪见证了全球根除七种疾病的努力——钩虫病、黄热病、雅司病、疟疾、天花、麦地那龙线虫病和脊髓灰质炎。尽管投入了巨大的军事后勤资源，前四种疾病的根除努力完全失败，黄热病和疟疾的情况尤其如此。但1979年全球根除天花的成功，促使世界卫生组织在1980年宣布全球无天花。这一成功堪称医学史上最伟大的成就之一。从该计划中吸取的经验教训和获得的数据，推动了1988年全球根除脊髓灰质炎计划的实施。在美国宣布无脊髓灰质炎之后，宣布全球无脊髓灰质炎的目标日期定在了2004年。区域监测计划利用急性弛缓性麻痹的质量控制入口，监测每一例急性脊髓灰质炎的潜在临床病例。在西太平洋地区，这是一个有22个国家且近期有大量军事行动部署的地区，15个国家在1990年前曾有脊髓灰质炎流行。在该地区，最后一例脊髓灰质炎病例（在柬埔寨）于1997年3月报告。自1997年以来进行的此类审查，以及许多使用大量军事支持的大规模定点疫苗接种计划，让人切实看到到2004年宣布全球无脊髓灰质炎的希望。脊髓灰质炎比天花更难根除；当前的全球运动只有在许多国家军队的后勤和专业投入下才能成功。
