Yang J S, Kim E A, Lee M Y, Park I J, Kang S K
Industrial Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Inchon.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2000 Sep;73(7):463-70. doi: 10.1007/s004200000168.
The objective of this study is to assess the exposure and intake dose of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and the correlation between them, according to the type of exposure for the workers in the DMF industry.
We monitored 345 workers occupationally exposed to DMF, from 15 workshops in the synthetic fiber, fiber coating, synthetic leather and paint manufacturing industries. Ambient monitoring was carried out with personal samplers to monitor the external exposure. Biological monitoring was done to determine the internal dose by analyzing N-methylformamide (NMF) in end-shift urine. Work procedure and exposure type of each DMF workshop was carefully surveyed, to classify workers by exposure type according to work details. Workers were classified into three groups (Group A: continuous and direct exposure through inhalation and skin; Group B: intermittent and short-term exposure through inhalation and skin; Group C: continuous and indirect exposure mostly through inhalation).
Geometric mean of DMF concentration in air was 2.62 (GSD 5.30) ppm and that of NMF in urine was 14.50 (GSD 3.89) mg/l. In the case of continuous absorption through inhalation and dermal exposure (Group A), the value of NMF in urine corresponding to 10 ppm of DMF was 45.3 mg/l (r = 0.524, n = 178), 39.1 mg/g creatinine (r = 0.424), while it was 37.7 mg/l (r = 0.788, n = 37), 24.2 mg/g creatinine (r = 0.743) in the case of absorption mostly through inhalation (Group C). Creatinine correction reduced the correlation between two parameters.
The NMF in urine corresponding to 10 ppm DMF, of the dermal and inhalation exposure group was 39.1 mg/g creatinine (r = 0.424, n = 178), while that of the inhalation exposure-only group was 24.2 mg/g creatinine (r = 0.743, n = 37). Co-exposure with toluene reduced the NMF excretion in urine.
本研究旨在根据二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）行业工人的接触类型，评估其对DMF的暴露量和摄入量以及二者之间的相关性。
我们监测了来自合成纤维、纤维涂层、合成皮革和涂料制造行业15个车间的345名职业性接触DMF的工人。使用个人采样器进行环境监测以监测外部暴露。通过分析下班时尿液中的N-甲基甲酰胺（NMF）来进行生物监测以确定内部剂量。对每个DMF车间的工作流程和接触类型进行了仔细调查，以便根据工作细节按接触类型对工人进行分类。工人被分为三组（A组：通过吸入和皮肤持续直接接触；B组：通过吸入和皮肤间歇性短期接触；C组：主要通过吸入持续间接接触）。
空气中DMF浓度的几何平均值为2.62（几何标准差5.30）ppm，尿液中NMF的几何平均值为14.50（几何标准差3.89）mg/l。在通过吸入和皮肤持续吸收的情况下（A组），对应于10 ppm DMF的尿液中NMF值为45.3 mg/l（r = 0.524，n = 178），39.1 mg/g肌酐（r = 0.424），而在主要通过吸入吸收的情况下（C组）为37.7 mg/l（r = 0.788，n = 37），24.2 mg/g肌酐（r = 0.743）。肌酐校正降低了两个参数之间的相关性。
皮肤和吸入暴露组中对应于10 ppm DMF的尿液中NMF为39.1 mg/g肌酐（r = 0.424，n = 178），而仅吸入暴露组为24.2 mg/g肌酐（r = 0.743，n = 37）。与甲苯共同暴露会减少尿液中NMF的排泄。
