Wrbitzky R, Angerer J
Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1998 Jul;71(5):309-16. doi: 10.1007/s004200050286.
This study examined the external and internal exposure to the solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) of 126 workers from a factory producing synthetic fibers.
Air measurements were carried out using personal air samplers with diffusion tubes (Drager, ORSA 5). For the purpose of biological monitoring the levels of N-methylformamide (NMF) in urine were measured in preshift and postshift samples. Determinations were carried out using gas chromatography. Anamnestic data were collected with standardized questionnaires, including personal data, working history and current working conditions, and former and current illness with regard to the effects of DMF. Skin diseases were documented by a dermatologist.
DMF concentrations measured in the air ranged between <0.1 and 37.9 ppm (median 1.2 ppm). Concentrations of NMF varied from 0.05 to 22.0 mg/l (preshift values) and from 0.9 to 100.0 mg/l (postshift values). The creatinine-related values (0.02-44.6 mg/g preshift; 0.4-62.3 postshift) were subject to less variation and therefore represented the level of exposure better than the values related to volume. Additional investigation of a subcollective (n=31) over a period of 4 days showed that NMF did not accumulate in the organism. The positive but relatively weak association observed between the DMF concentrations measured in the workplace air and the values recorded for internal exposure in this study can be explained by influencing factors such as dermal absorption or protective clothing. Interindividual differences in internal exposure were found for the specific work areas. The German BAT value (15 mg NMF/l urine) was exceeded in 36 persons (29%) despite the use of breathing protection and protective gloves, without increased values being measured in the air. Increased absorption without higher-level exposure could particularly also be observed in employees with eczema.
From the point of view of the prevention of disease, biological monitoring is the best instrument for exposure assessment of workers exposed to DMF.
本研究调查了一家合成纤维生产厂126名工人的溶剂N，N -二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）的内、外暴露情况。
使用带有扩散管的个人空气采样器（德尔格，ORSA 5）进行空气测量。为进行生物监测，在班前和班后样本中测量尿中N -甲基甲酰胺（NMF）水平。采用气相色谱法进行测定。通过标准化问卷收集既往史数据，包括个人资料、工作经历和当前工作条件，以及既往和当前与DMF影响相关的疾病。皮肤疾病由皮肤科医生记录。
空气中测得的DMF浓度在<0.1至37.9 ppm之间（中位数为1.2 ppm）。NMF浓度在班前值为0.05至22.0 mg/l，班后值为0.9至100.0 mg/l。与肌酐相关的值（班前0.02 - 44.6 mg/g；班后0.4 - 62.3）变化较小，因此比与尿量相关的值更能代表暴露水平。对一个亚组（n = 31）进行的为期4天的额外调查显示，NMF在体内不会蓄积。本研究中观察到的工作场所空气中测得的DMF浓度与内暴露记录值之间呈正相关但相对较弱，这可以通过皮肤吸收或防护服等影响因素来解释。在特定工作区域发现了内暴露的个体差异。尽管使用了呼吸防护和防护手套，但仍有36人（29%）超过了德国职业接触限值（尿中NMF为15 mg/l），而空气中未测得更高的值。在患有湿疹的员工中尤其可以观察到在无更高水平暴露的情况下吸收增加。
从疾病预防的角度来看，生物监测是评估接触DMF工人暴露情况的最佳手段。
