Butte N F, Wong W W, Hopkinson J M, Heinz C J, Mehta N R, Smith E O
US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Dec;72(6):1558-69. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.6.1558.
Current recommendations for energy intake of children are derived from observed intakes. Deriving energy requirements on the basis of energy expenditure and deposition is scientifically more rational than is using the observational approach and is now possible with data on total energy expenditure (TEE), growth, and body composition.
The objectives of this study were 1) to define energy requirements during the first 2 y of life on the basis of TEE and energy deposition; 2) to test effects of sex, age, and feeding mode on energy requirements; and 3) to determine physical activity.
TEE, sleeping metabolic rate, anthropometry, and body composition were measured in 76 infants. TEE was measured with doubly labeled water, sleeping metabolic rate with respiratory calorimetry, and body composition with a multicomponent model.
Total energy requirements were 2.23, 2.59, 2.97, 3. 38, 3.72, and 4.15 MJ/d at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 mo, respectively. Energy deposition (in MJ/d) decreased significantly over time (P: = 0.001) and was lower in breast-fed than in formula-fed infants (P: = 0.01). Energy requirements were approximately 80% of current recommendations. Energy requirements differed by age (P: = 0.001), feeding group (P: = 0.03), and sex (P: = 0.03). Adjusted for weight or fat-free mass and fat mass, energy requirements still differed by feeding group but not by age or sex. Temperament and motor development did not affect TEE.
The TEE and energy-deposition data of these healthy, thriving children provide strong evidence that current recommendations for energy intake in the first 2 y of life should be revised.
目前关于儿童能量摄入的建议是基于观察到的摄入量得出的。基于能量消耗和沉积来推导能量需求在科学上比使用观察法更合理，并且现在利用总能量消耗（TEE）、生长和身体成分的数据是可行的。
本研究的目的是：1）基于TEE和能量沉积确定生命最初2年的能量需求；2）测试性别、年龄和喂养方式对能量需求的影响；3）确定身体活动情况。
对76名婴儿测量了TEE、睡眠代谢率、人体测量指标和身体成分。用双标水测量TEE，用呼吸热量测定法测量睡眠代谢率，用多成分模型测量身体成分。
在3、6、9、12、18和24月龄时，总能量需求分别为2.23、2.59、2.97、3.38、3.72和4.15 MJ/d。能量沉积（MJ/d）随时间显著下降（P = 0.001），母乳喂养婴儿的能量沉积低于配方奶喂养婴儿（P = 0.01）。能量需求约为当前建议值的80%。能量需求因年龄（P = 0.001）、喂养组（P = 0.03）和性别（P = 0.03）而异。在根据体重或去脂体重及脂肪量进行调整后，能量需求仍因喂养组不同而存在差异，但不因年龄或性别而异。气质和运动发育不影响TEE。
这些健康成长儿童的TEE和能量沉积数据提供了有力证据，表明应修订目前关于生命最初2年能量摄入的建议。
