Iron overload in the erythropoietin era.

Increasing use of maintenance parenteral iron in the erythropoietin (EPO) era has been accompanied by growing concern about iron overload. This article attempts to put the issue of iron overload in hemodialysis patients into perspective. The condition is less common in all dialysis patients today than it was in the pre-EPO era, since fewer patients are being transfused and EPO therapy shifts iron into erythroid cells. Patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) are less likely than patients with hemochromatosis to develop iron-induced organ dysfunction. Diagnosis of iron overload is best accomplished through liver biopsy. Clinically significant iron overload, which rarely occurs if ESRD patients are properly managed, can be treated in most EPO-treated renal failure patients by simply withholding parenteral iron therapy.