Hanley J R, Turner J M
Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, U.K.
Q J Exp Psychol A. 2000 Nov;53(4):1105-16. doi: 10.1080/713755942.
Hanley, Smith, and Hadfield (1998) showed that when participants were asked to recognize famous people from hearing their voice, there was a relatively large number of trials in which the celebrity's voice was felt to be familiar but biographical information about the person could not be retrieved. When a face was found familiar, however, the celebrity's occupation was significantly more likely to be recalled. This finding is consistent with the view that it is much more difficult to associate biographical information with voices than with faces. Nevertheless, recognition level was much lower for voices than for faces in Hanley et al.'s study, and participants made significantly more false alarms in the voice condition. In the present study, recognition performance in the face condition was brought down to the same level as recognition in the voice condition by presenting the faces out of focus. Under these circumstances, it proved just as difficult to recall the occupations of faces found familiar as it was to recall the occupations of voices found familiar. In other words, there was an equally large number of familiar-only responses when faces were presented out of focus as in the voice condition. It is argued that these results provide no support for the view that it is relatively difficult to associate biographical information with a person's voice. It is suggested instead that associative connections between processing units at different levels in the voice-processing system are much weaker than is the case with the corresponding units in the face-processing system. This will reduce the recall of occupations from voices even when the voice has been found familiar. A simulation was performed using the latest version of the IAC model of person recognition (Burton, Bruce, & Hancock, 1999) which demonstrated that the model can readily accommodate the pattern of results obtained in this study.
汉利、史密斯和哈德菲尔德（1998年）指出，当要求参与者通过名人的声音来识别名人时，在相当多的试验中，名人的声音让人感觉熟悉，但却无法回忆起该名人的生平信息。然而，当一张脸被认为熟悉时，该名人的职业被回忆起来的可能性要大得多。这一发现与以下观点一致，即把生平信息与声音联系起来比与面孔联系起来要困难得多。尽管如此，在汉利等人的研究中，声音的识别水平远低于面孔的识别水平，并且参与者在声音识别条件下产生的误报明显更多。在本研究中，通过使面孔失焦，将面孔识别条件下的识别表现降低到与声音识别条件相同的水平。在这种情况下，回忆起被认为熟悉的面孔的职业，与回忆起被认为熟悉的声音的职业一样困难。换句话说，当面孔失焦呈现时，与声音识别条件下一样，存在同样多的仅熟悉但无法回忆职业信息的情况。有人认为，这些结果并不支持以下观点，即把生平信息与一个人的声音联系起来相对困难。相反，有人提出，语音处理系统中不同层次的处理单元之间的联想联系，比面部处理系统中相应单元之间的联想联系要弱得多。这将减少即使声音已被认为熟悉时对声音所对应职业的回忆。使用最新版本的人物识别IAC模型（伯顿、布鲁斯和汉考克，1999年）进行了模拟，结果表明该模型能够轻松地解释本研究中获得的结果模式。
