Stewart A M, Hopkins W G
Department of Physical Education, Sport and Leisure Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK.
J Sports Sci. 2000 Nov;18(11):873-84. doi: 10.1080/026404100750017805.
To determine the relationship between prescribed training and seasonal-best swimming performance, we surveyed 24 swim coaches and 185 of their age-group and open-class swimmers specializing in sprint (50 and 100 m) and middle-distance (200 and 400 m) events in a summer and winter season. We expressed effects on training as either multiples of swimmers' standard deviations (effect size, ES) or as correlations (r). Coaches prescribed higher mileage and longer repetitions of lower intensity to middle-distance swimmers than to sprinters (ES = 0.4-1.5); as competitions approached, repetition intensity and duration of rest intervals increased (ES = 0.5-0.9), whereas session and repetition distances decreased (ES = 0.4-1.3). The 95% likely ranges of the true values for these effects were about +/- 0.3. Weekly mileage swum at an easy or moderate pace remained at almost 60% of the total throughout both seasons. Interval training reduced gradually from 40% of total distance in the build-up to 30% at the end of tapering. Older swimmers had shorter rests and swam more miles (r = 0.5-0.8). After partialling out the effects of age on performance (r = 0.7-0.8), better performance was significantly associated only with greater weekly mileage (r = 0.5-0.8) and shorter duration of rest intervals (r = 0.6-0.7) in middle-distance swimmers. We conclude that periodization of training and differences in training between sprint and middle-distance events were broadly in accord with principles of specificity. Strong effects of specificity on performance were not apparent, but weak effects might have been detected with a larger sample.
为了确定规定训练与季节性最佳游泳成绩之间的关系，我们在夏季和冬季对24名游泳教练及其185名年龄组和公开组的游泳运动员进行了调查，这些运动员专门从事短距离（50米和100米）和中距离（200米和400米）项目。我们将训练效果表示为游泳运动员标准差的倍数（效应大小，ES）或相关性（r）。教练给中距离游泳运动员规定的里程数更高，低强度重复次数比短跑运动员更多（ES = 0.4 - 1.5）；随着比赛临近，重复强度和休息间隔时间增加（ES = 0.5 - 0.9），而训练课和重复距离减少（ES = 0.4 - 1.3）。这些效应真实值的95%可能范围约为±0.3。在两个季节中，以轻松或中等速度游的每周里程数几乎一直占总里程数的60%。间歇训练从训练初期占总距离的40%逐渐减少到减量期结束时的30%。年龄较大的游泳运动员休息时间较短，游的里程数更多（r = 0.5 - 0.8）。在排除年龄对成绩的影响（r = 0.7 - 0.8）后，中距离游泳运动员中，更好的成绩仅与每周更高的里程数（r = 0.5 - 0.8）和更短的休息间隔时间（r = 0.6 - 0.7）显著相关。我们得出结论，训练的周期化以及短距离和中距离项目之间的训练差异大致符合特异性原则。特异性对成绩的强烈影响并不明显，但样本量更大时可能会检测到微弱影响。
