Markman A B, Gentner D
Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52:223-47. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.223.
Reasoning processes allow the human cognitive system to go beyond the information readily available in the environment. This review focuses on the processes of human thinking, including deductive reasoning, induction, mental simulation, and analogy. We survey recent trends across several areas, including categorization, mental models, cognitive development, and decision making. Our chief organizing principle is the contrast between traditional approaches that focus on abstract logical reasoning and a number of current approaches that posit domain-specific, knowledge-intensive cognition. We suggest that some instances of domain-specific cognition result from domain-general processes operating on domain-specific representations. Another theme is the link between reasoning and learning. We suggest that learning typically occurs as a byproduct of reasoning, rather than as an end in itself.
推理过程使人类认知系统能够超越环境中 readily available 的信息。本综述聚焦于人类思维过程，包括演绎推理、归纳、心理模拟和类比。我们考察了多个领域的最新趋势，包括分类、心理模型、认知发展和决策。我们的主要组织原则是，专注于抽象逻辑推理的传统方法与一些当前假设特定领域、知识密集型认知的方法之间的对比。我们认为，特定领域认知的某些实例是由作用于特定领域表征的通用领域过程产生的。另一个主题是推理与学习之间的联系。我们认为，学习通常作为推理的副产品出现，而不是其本身就是目的。
