Campbell J I, Timm J C
Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2000 Dec;7(4):692-9. doi: 10.3758/bf03213008.
Simple addition (e.g., 3 + 2, 7 + 9) may be performed by direct memory retrieval or by such procedures as counting or transformation. The distribution of associations (DOA) model of strategy choice (Siegler, 1988) predicts that procedure use should increase as retrieval interference increases. To test this, 100 undergraduates performed simple addition problems, either after blocks of simple multiplication (high-interference context) or after blocks of simple division problems (low-interference context). Addition took longer and was more error prone after multiplication; in particular, there were more multiplication confusion errors on the relatively easy, small-number addition problems (e.g., 3 + 2 = 6, 4 + 3 = 12), but not on the more difficult, large-number additions. Consistent with the DOA, participants reported greater use of procedures for addition after multiplication, but more so for small addition problems. The findings demonstrate that adults' use of procedural strategies for simple addition is substantially influenced by retrieval interference.
简单加法运算（如3 + 2、7 + 9）可以通过直接记忆提取或诸如数数或转换等程序来完成。策略选择的联想分布（DOA）模型（Siegler，1988）预测，随着提取干扰的增加，程序的使用应该会增加。为了验证这一点，100名本科生在完成若干简单乘法运算（高干扰情境）或若干简单除法运算（低干扰情境）之后进行简单加法运算。在乘法运算之后进行加法运算花费的时间更长，且更容易出错；特别是，在相对简单的小数加法问题（如3 + 2 = 6、4 + 3 = 12）上出现了更多乘法混淆错误，但在更难的大数加法运算上则没有。与DOA模型一致，参与者报告称在乘法运算之后进行加法运算时更多地使用了程序，在小数加法问题上更是如此。研究结果表明，成年人在简单加法运算中对程序策略的使用会受到提取干扰的显著影响。
