Glassberg H, Balady G J
Boston University Medical Center, Section of Cardiology, 88 East Newton Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118-2393, USA.
Cardiol Rev. 1999 Sep-Oct;7(5):301-8. doi: 10.1097/00045415-199909000-00015.
Despite a traditional view that cardiovascular disease primarily affects men, a growing body of information now recognizes that it is a disease that equally affects women and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women in the United States. Both physical activity and physical fitness have been shown to have an inverse association with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, physical inactivity is now recognized by the American Heart Association as an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease. However, national surveillance programs have reported that 1/4 of adults are currently sedentary, and 1/3 of women do not engage in any leisure-time physical activity. Regular exercise may significantly impact coronary heart disease in women, as some coronary risk factors have a stronger predictive value for coronary heart disease in women as compared with men. Recent studies have shown that women who exercise regularly are less likely to develop diabetes mellitus; exercise may reduce blood pressure and produce improvements in lipid profiles. Conflicting data exist regarding the dose and intensity of exercise necessary to achieve significant health benefits; however, many reports demonstrate a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases and from all causes with only moderate intensity physical activity. The Centers for Disease Control, American Heart Association, and American College of Sports Medicine recommend a regular pattern of physical activity of moderate intensity, which can be accumulated throughout the day and should be performed at least 3 to 5 days per week. In addition, the benefit of weight-bearing exercise should be underscored in women, because it plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Continued efforts are necessary to encourage the many American women who are currently inactive to make even modest increases in levels of physical activity to achieve substantial cardiovascular, as well as other, health benefits.
尽管传统观点认为心血管疾病主要影响男性，但现在越来越多的信息表明，这是一种同样会影响女性的疾病，并且是美国女性发病和死亡的主要原因。体育活动和身体健康状况均已显示出与冠心病及心血管危险因素呈负相关。此外，美国心脏协会现已认定缺乏体育活动是冠心病的一个独立危险因素。然而，国家监测项目报告称，目前四分之一的成年人久坐不动，三分之一的女性不参加任何休闲体育活动。定期锻炼可能会对女性冠心病产生重大影响，因为与男性相比，一些冠心病危险因素对女性冠心病具有更强的预测价值。最近的研究表明，经常锻炼的女性患糖尿病的可能性较小；锻炼可能会降低血压，并改善血脂状况。关于为获得显著健康益处所需的运动剂量和强度，存在相互矛盾的数据；然而，许多报告表明，仅进行中等强度的体育活动就能降低心血管疾病及所有原因导致的死亡风险。疾病控制中心、美国心脏协会和美国运动医学学院建议采用中等强度的定期体育活动模式，这种活动可以在一天中累积进行，并且每周至少应进行3至5天。此外，应强调负重运动对女性的益处，因为它在骨质疏松症的预防和治疗中起着重要作用。有必要继续努力鼓励目前不活动的众多美国女性哪怕适度增加体育活动水平，以获得显著的心血管及其他健康益处。
