Dooley D, Catalano R
Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, USA.
Behav Med. 2000 Fall;26(3):116-28. doi: 10.1080/08964280009595759.
A wide range of interventions has been devised to address health hazards in the social and physical environment. The authors propose a 2-dimensional matrix to organize these interventions. The timing of interventions is divided into 4 stages: preventing exposure to hazard (proactive primary prevention), preventing symptoms from appearing (reactive primary prevention), preventing early symptoms from becoming chronic or leading to disease (secondary prevention), and managing the disease (tertiary prevention). The level at which the intervention is targeted is divided into 2 categories: micro (individual or family) and macro (more aggregate social level). Large-scale interventions such as media campaigns can target either individual health behaviors (microlevel) or the environment (macrolevel). This typology is illustrated with interventions designed to prevent or ameliorate the health consequences of adverse employment changes such as job loss. The analysis concludes that behavioral medicine and public health approaches are differentially suited to different intervention types.
人们已经设计出了各种各样的干预措施来应对社会和自然环境中的健康危害。作者提出了一个二维矩阵来组织这些干预措施。干预的时机分为4个阶段：预防接触危害（积极的一级预防）、预防症状出现（反应性一级预防）、预防早期症状发展为慢性病或导致疾病（二级预防）以及管理疾病（三级预防）。干预的目标层面分为两类：微观（个人或家庭）和宏观（更综合的社会层面）。诸如媒体宣传活动等大规模干预措施可以针对个人健康行为（微观层面）或环境（宏观层面）。这种类型学通过旨在预防或改善诸如失业等不良就业变化对健康造成的后果的干预措施进行了说明。分析得出结论，行为医学和公共卫生方法分别适用于不同类型的干预措施。
