Moore C A, Caulfield T J, Green J R
Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98105-6246, USA.
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2001 Feb;44(1):80-94. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2001/008).
Speech motor control emerges in the neurophysiologic context of widely distributed, powerful coordinative mechanisms, including those mediating respiratory function. It is unknown, however, whether developing children are able to exploit the capabilities of neural circuits controlling homeostasis for the production of speech and voice. Speech and rest breathing were investigated in eleven 15-month-old children using inductance plethysmography (Respitrace). Rib cage and abdominal kinematics were studied using a time-varying correlational index of thoracoabdominal coupling (i.e., reflecting the synchrony of movement of the rib cage and abdomen) as well as simple classification of the moment-to-moment kinematic relationship of these two functional components (i.e., concurrent expansion or compression, or oppositional movement). Results revealed markedly different patterns of movement for rest breathing and speech breathing, although within types of vocalization (nonspeech vocalization, babbling, true word production) no differences were apparent. Whereas rest breathing was characterized by tight coupling of rib cage and abdominal movement (average correlation coefficients usually exceeded .90), speech breathing exhibited weak coupling (the correlation coefficient ranged widely, but averaged about .60). Furthermore, speech production by these toddlers included the occurrence of both rib cage and abdominal paradoxing, which are observed infrequently in adult speakers. These results fail to support the suggestion that speech emerges from the extant coordinative organization of rest breathing. Rather, even in its earliest stages breathing for speech and voice exhibits kinematic properties distinct from those of other observed behaviors.
言语运动控制出现在广泛分布的强大协调机制的神经生理背景中，包括那些调节呼吸功能的机制。然而，尚不清楚发育中的儿童是否能够利用控制体内平衡的神经回路的能力来产生言语和声音。使用电感体积描记法（Respitrace）对11名15个月大的儿童的言语和静息呼吸进行了研究。使用胸腹部耦合的时变相关指数（即反映胸廓和腹部运动的同步性）以及这两个功能组件的瞬间运动学关系的简单分类（即同时扩张或压缩，或相反运动）来研究胸廓和腹部的运动学。结果显示，静息呼吸和言语呼吸的运动模式明显不同，尽管在发声类型（非言语发声、牙牙学语、真正的单词产生）中没有明显差异。静息呼吸的特征是胸廓和腹部运动紧密耦合（平均相关系数通常超过0.90），而言语呼吸表现出弱耦合（相关系数范围广泛，但平均约为0.60）。此外，这些幼儿的言语产生包括胸廓和腹部矛盾运动的出现，这在成年说话者中很少见。这些结果不支持言语源于静息呼吸的现有协调组织的观点。相反，即使在其最早阶段，言语和声音的呼吸也表现出与其他观察到的行为不同的运动学特性。
