Ahrendt D M
Division of Adolescent Medicine, San Antonio Military Pediatric Center, Texas, USA.
Am Fam Physician. 2001 Mar 1;63(5):913-22.
Numerous ergogenic aids that claim to enhance sports performance are used by amateur and professional athletes. Approximately 50 percent of the general population have reported taking some form of dietary supplements, while 76 to 100 percent of athletes in some sports are reported to use them. Physicians can evaluate these products by examining four factors (method of action, available research, adverse effects, legality) that will help them counsel patients. Common ergogenic aids include anabolic steroids, which increase muscle mass. These illegal supplements are associated with a number of serious adverse effects, some irreversible. Creatine modestly improves athletic performance and appears to be relatively safe. Dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione do not improve athletic performance but apparently have similar adverse effects as testosterone and are also banned by some sports organizations. Caffeine has mild benefits and side effects and is banned above certain levels. Products that combine caffeine with other stimulants (e.g., ephedrine) have been linked to fatal events. Protein and carbohydrate supplementation provides modest benefits with no major adverse effects.
许多声称能提高运动成绩的促力剂被业余和职业运动员所使用。据报道，约50%的普通人群服用过某种形式的膳食补充剂，而在某些运动项目中，76%至100%的运动员使用过这些产品。医生可以通过考察四个因素（作用机制、现有研究、不良反应、合法性）来评估这些产品，这将有助于他们为患者提供咨询。常见的促力剂包括合成代谢类固醇，它能增加肌肉量。这些非法补充剂会引发一些严重的不良反应，有些是不可逆的。肌酸能适度提高运动成绩，而且似乎相对安全。脱氢表雄酮和雄烯二酮并不能提高运动成绩，但显然具有与睾酮类似的不良反应，也被一些体育组织禁止使用。咖啡因有轻微的益处和副作用，在超过一定剂量时会被禁止使用。将咖啡因与其他兴奋剂（如麻黄碱）混合的产品与致命事件有关。补充蛋白质和碳水化合物有适度的益处，且没有重大不良反应。
