Early transference interventions with male patients in psychotherapy.

Transcripts of early sessions for 7 personality-disordered male subjects participating in an ongoing naturalistic long-term dynamic psychotherapy project were rated for therapist interventions and alliance. Early transference interpretations were followed by increased defensiveness even when there was a solid alliance. Omitting transference interpretations in the face of an early negative transference was equally problematic. However, the rapid sequence of early transference and defense interpretations, or early defense interpretations alone, enhanced therapeutic work without increasing defensiveness. Caretaking of the alliance after early interpretive work was also investigated. Two different styles of handling affect emerged from the sample.