Berk R A, Korenman S G, Wenger N S
Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7041, USA.
Sci Eng Ethics. 2000 Jul;6(3):315-40. doi: 10.1007/s11948-000-0035-x.
In this paper, we empirically explore some manifestations of norms for the conduct of science. We focus on scientific research ethics and report survey results from 606 scientists who received funding in 1993 and 1994 from the Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Biology Directorate of the National Science Foundation. We also report results for 91 administrators charged with overseeing research integrity at the scientists' research institutions. Both groups of respondents were presented with a set of scenarios, designed by fractional factorial methods, describing different kinds of scientific conduct that in the eyes of some would likely be unethical. Respondents then were asked to evaluate each of these scenarios for how unethical the behavior might be and what kinds of sanctions might be appropriate. We use the responses to consider the nature of consensus around norms related to the practice of science and in particular, similarities and differences between scientists and science administrators. Implications for policy are also discussed.
在本文中，我们实证性地探究了科学行为规范的一些表现形式。我们聚焦于科研伦理，并报告了606位科学家的调查结果，这些科学家在1993年和1994年获得了美国国家科学基金会生物科学理事会分子与细胞生物学分部的资助。我们还报告了91位负责监督科学家所在研究机构研究诚信的管理人员的调查结果。两组受访者都面对一组由分数析因法设计的情景，这些情景描述了在一些人看来可能不道德的不同类型的科学行为。然后，要求受访者评估每种情景下行为的不道德程度以及何种制裁可能是合适的。我们利用这些回答来思考围绕科学实践规范的共识的性质，特别是科学家和科学管理人员之间的异同。同时也讨论了对政策的影响。
