Wenger N S, Korenman S G, Berk R, Liu H
Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1736, USA.
Acad Med. 1998 Nov;73(11):1187-94. doi: 10.1097/00001888-199811000-00018.
To investigate the perceptions of scientists and institutional representatives (IRs) to the National Institutes of Health's Office of Research Integrity concerning appropriate punishment for unethical research behavior.
In 1994-95, 606 scientists and 91 IRs rated the ethical behaviors of and suggested appropriate punishments for protagonists in randomly generated scenarios describing scientific research behaviors. The authors evaluated the relationships of the suggested punishments to the protagonists' behaviors and characteristics, and compared recommendations of the scientists and IRs.
The respondents suggested punishments for 80% of the scenarios that were rated unethical. Punishments were more often prescribed for behaviors rated more unethical and for repeat offenders. The type of punishment was related to the protagonist's academic status and the nature of the unethical behavior. IRs proposed more and different punishments than did scientists.
Scientists and IRs proposed that most unethical research behaviors be punished. The decision to punish depended on the unethical level of the behavior. The type of punishment depended on the aims: correcting the wrong, rehabilitation, or sanction. Variation in the respondents' selections of punishments and the IRs' greater propensity to punish suggest that scientists committing similar ethical violations may receive different punishments. Explicit consideration of which punishment is merited under what circumstances should be undertaken by the scientific community.
调查科学家和机构代表对美国国立卫生研究院研究诚信办公室针对不道德研究行为的适当惩罚措施的看法。
在1994 - 1995年期间，606名科学家和91名机构代表对随机生成的描述科研行为的场景中主角的道德行为进行评分，并建议适当的惩罚措施。作者评估了所建议的惩罚措施与主角行为及特征之间的关系，并比较了科学家和机构代表的建议。
对于80%被评为不道德的场景，受访者都建议了惩罚措施。对于被评为更不道德的行为以及惯犯，更常规定要进行惩罚。惩罚类型与主角的学术地位以及不道德行为的性质有关。机构代表比科学家提出了更多且不同的惩罚措施。
科学家和机构代表提议对大多数不道德的研究行为进行惩罚。惩罚的决定取决于行为的不道德程度。惩罚类型取决于目的：纠正错误、改造或制裁。受访者在惩罚选择上的差异以及机构代表更强的惩罚倾向表明，犯有类似道德违规行为的科学家可能会受到不同的惩罚。科学界应明确考虑在何种情况下应给予何种惩罚。
