Bugajska J
Zakładu Ergonomii, Centralnego Instytutu Ochrony Pracy w Warszawie.
Med Pr. 2000;51(6):551-61.
The Polish Labour Code as well as directives of the European Union (EU) commit employers to ensure safety and health protection at work, including the use of all possible measures to reduce or eliminate risk factors occurring in the work environment, and to provide the workers with information about the extent of the risk and possibilities of its reduction. The fulfilment of this commitment is an element of the whole system for the reduction of accidents at work and rates of occupational diseases in the economically active populations. The effectiveness of the measures taken by employers depends on a number of agents, and the identification of occupation-related risk factors plays among them a key role. It is also important to define predisposition to and limitations in performing certain jobs which allows to select a suitable occupation, to direct properly the process of preparing candidates for particular jobs and to monitor health condition during employment. Activities orientated towards so called human factor in labour processes should be linked with the creation of healthy working conditions by adopting technical solutions aimed at eliminating and reducing potential health risks. In this context the establishment of an effective information system able to identify risk factors, possible hazards and/or arduousness in the work environment is of great importance. A lack of sources of comprehensive information about risk factors and hazards related to various occupations, health effects and relevant preventive interventions is a problem faced not only by Poland but also by many other countries. To this end an international team for developing a multi-language set of International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations available in the Internet has been set up on the initiative of the International Labour Organization (ILO). Due to this initiative it will be possible to distribute widely International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations and thus help people in their choice of occupation before employment, and to up-date data according to technological progress and organisational changes. International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations which are now developed the main stress is put on defining hazards with possible traumas, as well as harmful factors, including psychophysical ones. Sheets should also include information about potential, adverse health effects and necessary preventive measures. In the professional literature one may find references with broad description of problems related to different occupations and relevant legal regulations. International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations are developed in individual countries, then translated and verified in view of specific technological processes applied. They will be used by the Labour Inspection, work safety and hygiene inspectors, sanitary and epidemiological stations, those responsible for qualification of candidates who apply for admission to vocational schools, occupational medicine physicians and general practitioners. They will also be used to produce various instructions, guidebooks and recommendations on safety at work and preventive measures.
波兰《劳动法》以及欧盟指令要求雇主确保工作场所的安全与健康保护，包括采取一切可能措施减少或消除工作环境中出现的风险因素，并向工人提供有关风险程度及其降低可能性的信息。履行这一承诺是减少经济活动人口中工作事故和职业病发生率的整个系统的一个要素。雇主采取措施的有效性取决于多种因素，其中识别与职业相关的风险因素起着关键作用。确定从事某些工作的易感性和局限性也很重要，这有助于选择合适的职业，正确指导特定工作候选人的培养过程，并在就业期间监测健康状况。针对劳动过程中所谓人为因素的活动应与通过采用旨在消除和降低潜在健康风险的技术解决方案来创造健康工作条件相结合。在这种情况下，建立一个有效的信息系统以识别工作环境中的风险因素、可能的危害和/或艰巨性非常重要。缺乏关于各种职业相关风险因素和危害、健康影响及相关预防干预措施的全面信息来源，不仅是波兰面临的问题，许多其他国家也面临这一问题。为此，在国际劳工组织（ILO）的倡议下，成立了一个国际团队，以开发一套可在互联网上获取的多语言职业国际危险数据表。由于这一倡议，将有可能广泛分发职业国际危险数据表，从而帮助人们在就业前选择职业，并根据技术进步和组织变革更新数据。目前正在编制的职业国际危险数据表主要侧重于确定可能造成创伤的危害以及包括心理生理因素在内的有害因素。数据表还应包括有关潜在的不良健康影响和必要预防措施的信息。在专业文献中，可以找到对与不同职业相关问题及相关法律法规的广泛描述的参考文献。职业国际危险数据表在各个国家编制，然后根据所应用的特定工艺流程进行翻译和核实。劳动监察机构、工作安全与卫生检查员、卫生与流行病学站、负责职业学校入学候选人资格审查的人员、职业医学医生和全科医生将使用这些数据表。它们还将用于编制各种关于工作安全和预防措施的说明、指南和建议。
