Stehlik I, Schneller J J, Bachmann K
Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
Mol Ecol. 2001 Feb;10(2):357-70. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01179.x.
Two main possibilities regarding glacial survival of the mountain flora of the Alps during the Quaternary have been discussed: the tabula rasa and the nunatak hypotheses. Eritrichium nanum (L.) Gaudin (Boraginaceae) is a perennial cushion plant, occurring at high elevations of the Central Alps and having a preference for extreme habitats. It belongs to a group of high-alpine plants, for which in situ glacial survival on nunataks is ecologically possible. By investigating 20 populations of E. nanum of potential nunatak and peripheral refugial regions using amplified fragment length polymorphism, considerable genetic differences between populations from the Central Alps and populations from peripheral refugia were detected; hence, the latter probably did not serve as potential sources for the re-colonization of the Central Alps after glaciation. Genetic variation was hierarchically structured (AMOVA), and three genetically distinct regions could be identified in the Central Alps. Two of these, the Penninic and Rhaetic Alps, correspond to nunatak regions proposed in the biogeographic literature. Populations from the Lepontic Alps formed a third genetic group. Genetic correlation (Mantel statistics) was highest within populations, with a modest decline among populations within specific nunatak regions and a negative correlation outside the genetic influence of specific nunatak regions. In situ glacial survival in E. nanum could be a model for the Quaternary history of other alpine plants, especially those that also occur at high elevations and in similar habitats.
关于阿尔卑斯山植物群在第四纪冰川期的生存，主要讨论了两种可能性：白板假说和冰原岛峰假说。矮刺果草（Eritrichium nanum (L.) Gaudin，紫草科）是一种多年生垫状植物，生长在阿尔卑斯山中部的高海拔地区，偏好极端生境。它属于一类高山植物，在冰原岛峰上原地冰川期存活在生态上是可能的。通过使用扩增片段长度多态性技术研究20个潜在冰原岛峰和周边避难区域的矮刺果草种群，检测到阿尔卑斯山中部种群与周边避难所种群之间存在显著的遗传差异；因此，后者可能不是冰川消退后阿尔卑斯山中部重新定殖的潜在来源。遗传变异呈层次结构（分子方差分析），在阿尔卑斯山中部可识别出三个遗传上不同的区域。其中两个区域，即彭尼内克阿尔卑斯山和雷蒂亚阿尔卑斯山，与生物地理学文献中提出的冰原岛峰区域相对应。来自利彭蒂克阿尔卑斯山的种群形成了第三个遗传群体。遗传相关性（曼特尔统计）在种群内部最高，在特定冰原岛峰区域内的种群之间略有下降，在特定冰原岛峰区域的遗传影响之外呈负相关。矮刺果草的原地冰川期存活可能是其他高山植物第四纪历史的一个模型，尤其是那些也生长在高海拔和类似生境中的植物。
