Levelt W J, Roelofs A, Meyer A S
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Behav Brain Sci. 1999 Feb;22(1):1-38; discussion 38-75. doi: 10.1017/s0140525x99001776.
Preparing words in speech production is normally a fast and accurate process. We generate them two or three per second in fluent conversation; and overtly naming a clear picture of an object can easily be initiated within 600 msec after picture onset. The underlying process, however, is exceedingly complex. The theory reviewed in this target article analyzes this process as staged and feed-forward. After a first stage of conceptual preparation, word generation proceeds through lexical selection, morphological and phonological encoding, phonetic encoding, and articulation itself. In addition, the speaker exerts some degree of output control, by monitoring of self-produced internal and overt speech. The core of the theory, ranging from lexical selection to the initiation of phonetic encoding, is captured in a computational model, called WEAVER++. Both the theory and the computational model have been developed in interaction with reaction time experiments, particularly in picture naming or related word production paradigms, with the aim of accounting for the real-time processing in normal word production. A comprehensive review of theory, model, and experiments is presented. The model can handle some of the main observations in the domain of speech errors (the major empirical domain for most other theories of lexical access), and the theory opens new ways of approaching the cerebral organization of speech production by way of high-temporal-resolution imaging.
在言语产生过程中准备词语通常是一个快速且准确的过程。在流畅的对话中，我们每秒能生成两三个词语；并且在图片呈现后600毫秒内就能轻松开始明确说出图片中物体的名称。然而，其背后的过程极其复杂。本目标文章中所综述的理论将这个过程分析为分阶段的前馈过程。在概念准备的第一阶段之后，词语生成依次经过词汇选择、形态和语音编码、语音学编码以及发音本身。此外，说话者通过监测自己产生的内部和外部言语来进行一定程度的输出控制。该理论的核心内容，从词汇选择到语音编码的启动，都体现在一个名为WEAVER++的计算模型中。该理论和计算模型都是在与反应时实验的交互过程中发展起来的，特别是在图片命名或相关词语产生范式中，目的是解释正常词语产生过程中的实时处理情况。本文对理论、模型和实验进行了全面综述。该模型能够处理言语错误领域中的一些主要观察结果（这是大多数其他词汇通达理论的主要实证领域），并且该理论通过高时间分辨率成像为研究言语产生的大脑组织开辟了新途径。
