Page K M, Nowak M A, Sigmund K
Institute for Advanced Study, 310 Olden Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
Proc Biol Sci. 2000 Nov 7;267(1458):2177-82. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1266.
In the ultimatum game, two players are asked to split a certain sum of money. The proposer has to make an offer. If the responder accepts the offer, the money will be shared accordingly. If the responder rejects the offer, both players receive nothing. The rational solution is for the proposer to offer the smallest possible share, and for the responder to accept it. Human players, in contrast, usually prefer fair splits. In this paper, we use evolutionary game theory to analyse the ultimatum game. We first show that in a non-spatial setting, natural selection chooses the unfair, rational solution. In a spatial setting, however, much fairer outcomes evolve.
在最后通牒博弈中，两名参与者被要求分配一定数额的金钱。提议者必须提出一个分配方案。如果回应者接受该方案，金钱将据此进行分配。如果回应者拒绝该方案，两名参与者都将一无所获。理性的解决方案是提议者给出尽可能小的份额，而回应者接受它。相比之下，人类参与者通常更喜欢公平的分配。在本文中，我们使用进化博弈论来分析最后通牒博弈。我们首先表明，在非空间环境中，自然选择会选择不公平的、理性的解决方案。然而，在空间环境中，会演化出更加公平的结果。
