Pillmann F
Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg.
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2001 Jun;69(6):268-77. doi: 10.1055/s-2001-14461.
Affective disorders are pathological alterations of phylogenetically old emotional mechanisms the adaptive function of which is still a matter of debate. According to the social competition hypothesis, depressive syndromes involve activation of a mechanism serving subordination in competitive situations. This mechanism protects the individual from the damaging consequences of an escalating agonistic encounter. The paper critically discusses supporting evidence culled from biological, clinical and psychological findings. Animal models show phenomenological similarities between subordination and depression. In primates affiliative behavior and social bonding are closely linked to rank-related behaviors. Common biochemical and pharmacological features of subordination and depression include an activation of the stress axis, diminished serotonergic neurotransmission and modification by antidepressants. However, the discrimination between a specific subordination reaction and an unspecific stress response is often controversial. Many clinical and psychological aspects of depressive syndromes may be understood as an--exaggerated--submissive behavior, but have rarely been studied in that light. Typical endogenous depression and bipolar disorders challenge the social competition hypothesis. While the manic syndrome, due to its similarity to dominance behavior, supports the link between social competition and affective disorders, the cyclic alteration of mood cannot be sufficiently explained by the social competition hypothesis alone.
情感障碍是系统发育上古老的情绪机制的病理改变，其适应功能仍存在争议。根据社会竞争假说，抑郁综合征涉及在竞争情境中服务于从属地位的机制的激活。这种机制保护个体免受升级的争斗遭遇的破坏性后果。本文批判性地讨论了从生物学、临床和心理学发现中挑选出的支持证据。动物模型显示从属地位和抑郁之间存在现象学上的相似性。在灵长类动物中，亲和行为和社会联结与等级相关行为密切相关。从属地位和抑郁的常见生化和药理学特征包括应激轴的激活、血清素能神经传递的减少以及抗抑郁药的调节作用。然而，区分特定的从属反应和非特异性应激反应往往存在争议。抑郁综合征的许多临床和心理学方面可能被理解为一种（过度的）顺从行为，但很少从这个角度进行研究。典型的内源性抑郁和双相情感障碍对社会竞争假说提出了挑战。虽然躁狂综合征由于与支配行为相似，支持了社会竞争与情感障碍之间的联系，但情绪的周期性变化不能仅由社会竞争假说充分解释。
