A-B therapist characteristics vs. psychotherapy outcome: current status and prospects.

For more than 10 years much of the research into the effects of therapist characteristics on psychotherapy outcome has focused on the "A-B" variable. Various A-B scales have been used to predict differential process and outcome of A and B therapist with schizophrenics and neurotics, respectively. Although significant results frequently have been reported, findings of different studies have seemed to contradict each other, and most independent replication attempts have failed. Since reliable differences in outcomes achieved by various therapists-patient pairings have not been demonstrated, the confusing proliferation of theories concerning what A-B factors "make the difference" seems rather premature. A review of outcome and process studies in this area indicates that the phenomena under investigation are much more complex than is reflected in the previous A-B hypotheses. Therapist A-B scores do not predict every kind of success with every kind of patient generically labeled "schizophrenic" or "neurotic" in every kind of treatment program. This conclusion need not arouse pessimism regarding the value of further A-Bresearch, but it clearly demands greater specificity in hypotheses and in research design. The failure of many recent studies to include true B type therapists has made their findings irrelevant to the A-B hypotheses, and has raised the question of whether the B therapist has become "extinct." To provide further information about this phenomenon of the vanishing B therapist, the present authors conducted a survey of all Seattle psychiatrists in private practice. The survey yielded a total distribution of A-B scores which is not significatly skewed in either the A or B direction. However, most of the B's had graduated from residency training prior to 1960, while most of the A's had graduated in more recent years. These results suggest that, although current residency programs may not have enough B doctors for meaningful A-B research, such doctors do exist in the community.