Page W F
J Psychol. 1975 Mar;89(2d Half):307-11. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1975.9915767.
Changes in self-esteem and belief in internal versus external control of reinforcement (skill versus chance) were investigated among 24 black male and female youngsters, aged 12 through 19, and from diverse backgrounds and geographical locations. Age, socioeconomic status, geographical location, and achievement in flight training were varied. Results showed significant gains in self-esteem by Ss under 16 years of age (p smaller than .05) and Ss from middle income families (p smaller than .005). There was no significant change in belief in internal versus external control among any of the subgroups.
对24名年龄在12至19岁之间、背景和地理位置各异的黑人青少年（男女皆有）的自尊变化以及对强化的内部控制与外部控制（技能与机遇）的信念进行了调查。年龄、社会经济地位、地理位置以及飞行训练成绩各不相同。结果显示，16岁以下的受试者（p小于0.05）以及来自中等收入家庭的受试者（p小于0.005）的自尊有显著提高。在任何亚组中，内部控制与外部控制的信念均无显著变化。
