von Hippel W, Hawkins C, Schooler J W
Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001 Aug;81(2):193-205. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.81.2.193.
Three experiments examined the relationship between distinctiveness and self-schematicity. Experiment 1 revealed that people were more likely to be self-schematic in domains of strong performance when they felt distinct from family and peers in those domains. Experiments 2 and 3 extended this finding into the arena of stereotypes by demonstrating that people were more likely to be self-schematic in domains of strong performance when their performance was counterstereotypic rather than stereotypic. In particular, African Americans and women were more likely to be schematic for intelligence than Caucasians and men if they performed well academically, whereas Caucasians-especially men-were more likely than African Americans to be schematic for athletics if they performed well athletically. These results suggest that counterstereotypic behavior plays a uniquely powerful role in the development of the self-concept.
三项实验研究了独特性与自我图式化之间的关系。实验1表明，当人们在某些领域的表现优于家人和同龄人时，他们在这些表现突出的领域更有可能形成自我图式。实验2和实验3将这一发现扩展到了刻板印象领域，结果表明，当人们的表现与刻板印象相悖而非符合刻板印象时，他们在表现突出的领域更有可能形成自我图式。具体而言，如果非裔美国人和女性在学业上表现出色，那么他们比白人和男性更有可能形成智力方面的自我图式；而如果白种人（尤其是男性）在体育方面表现出色，那么他们比非裔美国人更有可能形成体育方面的自我图式。这些结果表明，与刻板印象相悖的行为在自我概念的形成过程中发挥着独特而强大的作用。
