Jamieson D, Wartenberg D
University Center for Human Values, Princeton University, NJ, USA.
Am J Public Health. 2001 Sep;91(9):1355-8. doi: 10.2105/ajph.91.9.1355.
Current environmental regulation represents a paternalistic policy, more concerned to avoid false postives than false negatives, limiting opportunities for individuals to make choices between risk-avoidance and risk-taking alternatives. For example, many exposures to magnetic fields could be reduced at little or no cost but are not considered seriously, owing to the uncertainty of risk and the concern to avoid false positives. Even though precautionary ap proaches that focus on avoiding false negatives often do not lead to adverse economic consequences or irrational choices, such approaches usually are not taken. The value of autonomy and the proper role of governmental paternalism with respect to environmental policy need to be considered more carefully in environmental decision making.
当前的环境监管体现了一种家长式政策，更关注避免误报而非漏报，限制了个人在风险规避和冒险选择之间做出抉择的机会。例如，许多磁场暴露可以以很少或无需成本的方式减少，但由于风险的不确定性以及对避免误报的担忧，并未得到认真考虑。尽管注重避免漏报的预防性方法通常不会导致不利的经济后果或不合理的选择，但此类方法通常未被采用。在环境决策中，需要更仔细地考虑自主性的价值以及政府家长式作风在环境政策方面的恰当作用。
