Panter K E, Mayland H F, Gardner D R, Shewmaker G
USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
Vet Hum Toxicol. 2001 Oct;43(5):279-82.
Ten yearling steers weighing 270-360 kg died acutely after eating early seed pod stage Lupinus argenteus (silvery lupine) containing high levels of piperidine alkaloids, including ammodendrine and N-methylammodendrine. Reduced availability of Quality feed from range moderately depleted of Quality grasses appeared a major factor in causing the cattle to graze lupine. Proximate analysis of whole plant, seed pods and seed showed high levels of crude protein ranging from 16.4 to 48% for whole plant and seed. Alkaloid analysis of the whole plant and individual plant parts such as seed and seed pods (30-40% seed shatter) showed total alkaloid levels ranging from 0.70 to 2.5% (0.70-2.5 mg/100 mg plant) dry weight. Ammodendrine levels ranged from 0.24% in seed pods with >70% seed loss to 1.35% in early growth plant with no seed. N-methylammodendrine levels ranged from 0.38% in seed pods with >70 % seed shatter to 1.04 % in pure seed. Other minor alkaloids totaled 0.08% in seed pods with >70% seed shatter to 0.60% in early growth plant before seed pod formation. These cattle ate an estimated 1.8 g/kg dry weight (486 g to 648 g) of lupine in 24 h. This appears the first report of acute death in cattle associated with piperidine alkaloid-containing Lupinus argenteus.
十头体重在270至360公斤之间的一岁小公牛，在食用了处于早期豆荚阶段、含有高浓度哌啶生物碱（包括氨豆碱和N - 甲基氨豆碱）的银色羽扇豆后急性死亡。优质牧草在一定程度上减少，导致优质饲料供应减少，这似乎是致使牛群啃食羽扇豆的主要因素。对整株植物、豆荚和种子的近似分析表明，粗蛋白含量很高，整株植物和种子的粗蛋白含量在16.4%至48%之间。对整株植物以及种子和豆荚等单个植物部分（种子散落率为30 - 40%）的生物碱分析显示，总生物碱含量在0.70%至2.5%（0.70 - 2.5毫克/100毫克植物）干重之间。氨豆碱含量在种子损失超过70%的豆荚中为0.24%，在未结籽的早期生长植物中为1.35%。N - 甲基氨豆碱含量在种子散落率超过70%的豆荚中为0.38%，在纯种子中为1.04%。其他微量生物碱在种子散落率超过70%的豆荚中总计为0.08%，在形成豆荚前的早期生长植物中为最高0.60%。这些牛在24小时内估计食用了1.8克/千克干重（486克至648克）的羽扇豆。这似乎是关于牛因食用含哌啶生物碱的银色羽扇豆而急性死亡的首次报道。
