Williams K, Alvarez X, Lackner A A
Department of Medicine, Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
Glia. 2001 Nov;36(2):156-64. doi: 10.1002/glia.1105.
Perivascular cells are a heterogeneous population found in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Several terms are used for these cells, including perivascular cells, perivascular macrophages, perivascular microglia, fluorescent granular perithelial cells (FGP), or Mato cells. Different terminology used may reflect subpopulations of perivascular cells within different anatomic regions and experimental paradigms, neuropathological conditions, and species studied. Different terminology also points to the lack of clear consensus of what cells are perivascular cells in different disease states and models, especially with breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Despite this, there is consensus that perivascular cells, although a minor component of the CNS, are important immunoregulatory cells. Perivascular cells are bone marrow derived, continuously turn over in the CNS, and are found adjacent to CNS vessels. Thus, they are potential sensors of CNS and peripheral immune system perturbations; are activated in models of CNS inflammation, autoimmune disease, neuronal injury and death; and are implicated as phagocytic and pinocytotic cells in models of stroke and hypertension. Recent evidence from our laboratory implicate perivascular cells as primary targets of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in the CNS of humans and macaques. This article reviews current knowledge of perivascular cells, including anatomic location and nomenclature and putative immunoregulatory roles, and discusses new data on the infection of these cells by SIV, their accumulation after SIV infection, and a possible role of the immune system in SIV encephalitis.
血管周围细胞是在中枢神经系统（CNS）和外周神经系统（PNS）中发现的异质性细胞群体。这些细胞有几个不同的名称，包括血管周围细胞、血管周围巨噬细胞、血管周围小胶质细胞、荧光颗粒周皮细胞（FGP）或马托细胞。使用不同的术语可能反映了不同解剖区域、实验范式、神经病理状况和所研究物种内血管周围细胞的亚群。不同的术语也表明，对于在不同疾病状态和模型中哪些细胞是血管周围细胞，尤其是在血脑屏障（BBB）破坏的情况下，缺乏明确的共识。尽管如此，人们一致认为，血管周围细胞虽然是中枢神经系统的一个次要组成部分，但却是重要的免疫调节细胞。血管周围细胞起源于骨髓，在中枢神经系统中不断更新，并位于中枢神经系统血管附近。因此，它们是中枢神经系统和外周免疫系统扰动的潜在传感器；在中枢神经系统炎症、自身免疫性疾病、神经元损伤和死亡的模型中被激活；在中风和高血压模型中被认为是吞噬细胞和胞饮细胞。我们实验室最近的证据表明，血管周围细胞是人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）和猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）在人类和猕猴中枢神经系统中感染的主要靶细胞。本文综述了关于血管周围细胞的现有知识，包括其解剖位置、命名和假定的免疫调节作用，并讨论了关于这些细胞被SIV感染、SIV感染后其积累以及免疫系统在SIV脑炎中可能作用的新数据。
