Galdino G M, Vogel J E, Vander Kolk C A
Johns Hopkins University and University of Maryland Medical Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001 Oct;108(5):1334-44. doi: 10.1097/00006534-200110000-00037.
Advances in digital photography have made it an efficient and economically appealing alternative to conventional photography. Nevertheless, as objective observers and clinical photographers, we must realize that all digital cameras are not created equal. Different digital cameras frequently used in plastic surgery practices (Olympus 600DL, Olympus 2500, Sony DSC-D700, Nikon Coolpix 950, and Nikon D1) were evaluated, using a subject photographed with each camera in the identical lighting conditions, to determine inherent differences in quality, color, and contrast of the resultant photographs. Three different lighting conditions were examined: single soft-box lighting, dual studio flash boxes, and operating room lighting with on-camera flash. The same digital settings (program mode, ISO camera default setting, high quality setting with JPEG compression) were used. Each camera was digitally color balanced using an 18 percent gray card. Raw and color-balanced images were viewed side-by-side. The macro-image capabilities of each camera were also examined. Conventional 35-mm photographs using a 105 macro-lens on Kodachrome and Ektachrome slide film were obtained for comparison. All of the digital cameras performed with noticeable differences, but they maintained consistency in the three different lighting conditions. Digital photographs differed most greatly with respect to quality and contrast, which was especially obvious once color balancing was performed. Marked differences in quality and ability were observed with respect to macro-image capabilities. Inherent differences in features among digital cameras produce dramatically different photographic results with regard to color, contrast, focus, and overall quality. With the increasing use of digital photography in plastic surgery journals and presentations, it must be recognized that digital cameras do not all display photographs of similar quality, especially when used to evaluate skin appearance. To standardize digital photography, the surgeon must realize that switching digital cameras is akin to switching film types. Standardization of digital photographs should include image resolution between 1.5 and 2.7 million pixels, ISO default setting, color balancing with an 18 percent gray card and software, consistency in focal distance, JPEG compression of medium-to-high quality, and backgrounds of medium blue or 18 percent gray.
数码摄影技术的进步使其成为传统摄影的一种高效且经济上颇具吸引力的替代方式。然而，作为客观的观察者和临床摄影师，我们必须认识到并非所有数码相机都是一样的。我们对整形手术中常用的不同数码相机（奥林巴斯600DL、奥林巴斯2500、索尼DSC-D700、尼康Coolpix 950和尼康D1）进行了评估，让每个相机在相同光照条件下拍摄同一个对象，以确定所拍照片在质量、颜色和对比度方面的固有差异。我们考察了三种不同的光照条件：单柔光箱照明、双摄影棚闪光灯照明以及带相机闪光灯的手术室照明。使用相同的数码设置（程序模式、相机默认ISO设置、高质量JPEG压缩设置）。每台相机都使用18%的灰卡进行数码色彩平衡。将原始图像和色彩平衡后的图像并排查看。还考察了每台相机的微距拍摄能力。获取了使用柯达克罗姆胶片和爱克泰克罗姆幻灯片胶片、配备105微距镜头的传统35毫米照片用于比较。所有数码相机的表现都存在显著差异，但它们在三种不同光照条件下保持了一致性。数码照片在质量和对比度方面差异最大，在进行色彩平衡后尤其明显。在微距拍摄能力方面，观察到了质量和性能上的显著差异。数码相机之间在功能上的固有差异在颜色、对比度、对焦和整体质量方面产生了截然不同的拍摄结果。随着数码摄影在整形外科学术期刊和展示中的使用日益增加，必须认识到并非所有数码相机所显示照片的质量都相似，尤其是在用于评估皮肤外观时。为了使数码摄影标准化，外科医生必须认识到更换数码相机类似于更换胶片类型。数码照片的标准化应包括150万至270万像素之间的图像分辨率、ISO默认设置、使用18%的灰卡和软件进行色彩平衡、焦距一致、中高质量的JPEG压缩以及中蓝色或18%灰色的背景。
