Nordhaus W D
Department of Economics and The Cowles Foundation, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Feb 1;89(3):843-50. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.3.843.
Economies are sometimes viewed as analogous to ecological systems in which "everything is connected to everything else." In complex modern economies, the question arises whether the market mechanism can appropriately coordinate all the interconnections or whether instead some supramarket body is needed to coordinate the vast web of human activities. This study describes how an idealized decentralized competitive market in fact coordinates the different economic organisms in an efficient manner. The problems of pollution and other externalities can undo the efficient outcome unless corrected by appropriate property rights or corrective taxes. But in closing the economic circle, the internalized economy does not actually need to close the natural cycles by linking up all physical flows through recycling.
经济有时被视为类似于生态系统，在生态系统中“一切事物都与其他一切事物相联系”。在复杂的现代经济中，问题在于市场机制是否能够适当地协调所有这些相互联系，或者是否需要某个超市场机构来协调人类活动的庞大网络。本研究描述了一个理想化的分散竞争市场实际上如何以高效的方式协调不同的经济主体。污染和其他外部性问题可能会破坏这种高效的结果，除非通过适当的产权或矫正税加以纠正。但在封闭经济循环时，内化经济实际上并不需要通过回收利用将所有物质流连接起来来封闭自然循环。
