Bliss Sam, Egler Megan
Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, 210 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States.
Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, United States.
Ecol Econ. 2020 Dec;178:106806. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106806. Epub 2020 Aug 11.
Non-market practices and institutions make up much of every economy. Even in today's most developed capitalist societies, people produce things that are not for sale and allocate them through sharing, gifts, and redistribution rather than buying and selling. This article is about why and how ecological economists should study these non-market economies. Historically, markets only emerge when states forcibly create them; community members do not tend to spontaneously start selling each other goods and services. Markets work well for coordinating complex industrial webs to satisfy individual tastes, but they are not appropriate for governing the production or distribution of entities that are non-rival, non-excludable, not produced for sale, essential need satisfiers, or culturally important. Moreover, we argue, markets do not serve justice, sustainability, efficiency, or value pluralism, the foundations of ecological economics. We sketch an agenda for research on economic practices and institutions without markets by posing nine broad questions about non-market food systems and exploring the evidence and theory around each. By ignoring and demeaning non-market economies, researchers contribute to creating markets' dominance over social life. Observing, analyzing, theorizing, supporting, promoting, creating, and envisioning non-market economies challenges market hegemony.
非市场行为和制度构成了每一种经济的很大一部分。即使在当今最发达的资本主义社会，人们生产的东西也并非用于销售，而是通过共享、馈赠和再分配来分配，而非买卖。本文探讨生态经济学家研究这些非市场经济的原因及方式。从历史上看，市场只有在国家强制创建时才会出现；社区成员往往不会自发地开始相互买卖商品和服务。市场在协调复杂的产业网络以满足个人口味方面运作良好，但不适用于管理非竞争性、非排他性、非为销售而生产、满足基本需求或具有文化重要性的实体的生产或分配。此外，我们认为，市场无助于实现正义、可持续性、效率或价值多元主义，而这些正是生态经济学的基础。我们通过提出关于非市场食品系统的九个广泛问题，并探讨每个问题周围的证据和理论，勾勒出一个关于无市场经济行为和制度的研究议程。研究人员忽视和贬低非市场经济，助长了市场对社会生活的主导。观察、分析、理论化、支持、促进、创造和设想非市场经济挑战了市场霸权。
