Terlouw T J
Gewina. 1995;18(1):1-24.
During the eighties of the 19th century several physical education teachers who were engaged in physical therapy activities, so called 'heilgymnasten', believed that only a solid organization of serious, educated and well-trained heilgymnasten could bring about a positive change in the situation at hand in the field of physical therapy. On September 1st 1889 the 'Genootschap ter beoefening van de Heilgymnastiek in Nederland' ('Society for practising heilgymnastiek in the Netherlands') was founded. One could say that at first the 'Genootschap' was tolerated. Several well-known Dutch physicians joined the 'Genootschap' as 'extraordinary-member'. Very soon however, some physicians came to see the activies of this organization as a threat to the process of differentiation and specialization in the field of orthopaedic surgery that had just begun. They emphasized that the 'heilgymnasten', who worked relatively independent from physicians in the field of physical therapy, had no legal status; in fact they argued that these practitioners were actually breaking the law. A solution to these problems was sought through law-suits against 'heilgymnasten' to ensure that they would only practise physical therapy under the supervision of physicians. In this paper the plight of one of the Dutch 'heilgymnasten', Hendrik Soeter, who can be considered as a 'victim' of this strategy, will be discussed in more detail. The focus of attention is on the legal proceedings in various courts of justice from the lower to the highest level, as well as on the reactions the law-suit against Soeter provoked from the government and from organizations and practitioners in the fields of physical therapy, physical education and medicine. Although Soeter was finally sentenced to two fines, the verdicts did not bring about the change some people had hoped for. 'Heilgymnastiek' remained a non-regulated activity and the Dutch 'heilgymnasten' had to wait for a legal status for their profession until more than fifty years after the foundatiion of the 'Genootschap'.
在19世纪80年代，几位从事物理治疗活动的体育教师，即所谓的“健康体操师”，认为只有建立一个由严肃认真、受过教育且训练有素的健康体操师组成的坚实组织，才能使物理治疗领域的现状得到积极改变。1889年9月1日，“荷兰健康体操练习协会”成立。可以说，起初该“协会”是被容忍的。几位著名的荷兰医生以“特别会员”的身份加入了该“协会”。然而，很快一些医生就将这个组织的活动视为对刚刚起步的骨外科领域分化和专业化进程的威胁。他们强调，在物理治疗领域相对独立于医生工作的“健康体操师”没有合法地位；事实上，他们认为这些从业者实际上是在违法。人们通过对“健康体操师”提起诉讼来寻求解决这些问题的办法，以确保他们只能在医生的监督下进行物理治疗。在本文中，将更详细地讨论荷兰“健康体操师”之一亨德里克·索特的困境，他可被视为这一策略的“受害者”。关注的焦点是从基层法院到最高法院各级法院的法律程序，以及针对索特的诉讼引发的政府、物理治疗、体育教育和医学领域的组织及从业者的反应。尽管索特最终被判处两项罚款，但判决并未带来一些人所期望的改变。“健康体操”仍然是一项不受监管的活动，荷兰的“健康体操师”不得不等待他们的职业获得合法地位，直到“协会”成立五十多年后。
