Mañosa S, Mateo R, Guitart R
Departament de Farmacologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
Environ Monit Assess. 2001 Oct;71(2):187-205. doi: 10.1023/a:1017545932219.
The Ebro delta (NE Spain) is a 320 km2 wetland area of international importance for conservation. The area is devoted to rice farming and receives large amounts of pesticides. Industrial pollutants are also carried to the delta by the river. The information accumulated during the last 25 year on the effect of such pollution on the biota is reviewed in order to identify the existing gaps and needs for management. Organochlorine pesticides were legally used until 1977, which has resulted in the widespread presence of these compounds in the Ebro delta biota. Lethal, sublethal or other detrimental effects of these pesticides on wildlife in the area were poorly investigated, but negative effects on the reproduction of ducks and herons were reported. Nowadays, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are the main responsible of organochlorine pollution in the area: concentrations in biota samples are higher than levels observed in nearby coastal areas, as a result of the significant PCB inputs by the river which, in 1990, were evaluated at 126 kg yr(-1). The massive use of herbicides is thought to have contributed to the elimation of macrophyte vegetation in the lagoons during the eighties, which had strong consequences on diving ducks and coot populations. Weed control is also related to the loss of biodiversity held by rice fields. The massive and inadequate use of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides (involving more than 20,000 t yr(-1) has produced some waterbird mortality events, and may have direct and indirect effects on other non-target organisms. The accumulation in the soil of lead pellets used in waterfowl shooting is estimated to kill some 16,300 waterbirds in the Ebro delta every year.
埃布罗三角洲（西班牙东北部）是一个面积达320平方公里的湿地地区，具有国际保护重要性。该地区主要从事水稻种植，使用大量农药。工业污染物也通过河流被带到三角洲。回顾了过去25年中积累的关于此类污染对生物群影响的信息，以确定现有差距和管理需求。有机氯农药在1977年之前合法使用，这导致这些化合物在埃布罗三角洲生物群中广泛存在。这些农药对该地区野生动物的致死、亚致死或其他有害影响研究较少，但有报道称对鸭子和鹭的繁殖有负面影响。如今，多氯联苯（PCBs）是该地区有机氯污染的主要来源：生物群样本中的浓度高于附近沿海地区观察到的水平，这是由于河流大量输入多氯联苯所致，1990年的评估输入量为126千克/年。据认为，大量使用除草剂导致了80年代泻湖中大型植物植被的消失，这对潜鸭和白骨顶种群产生了重大影响。杂草控制也与稻田生物多样性的丧失有关。有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药的大量和不当使用（每年超过20000吨）导致了一些水鸟死亡事件，可能对其他非目标生物产生直接和间接影响。估计用于水鸟狩猎的铅弹在土壤中的积累每年在埃布罗三角洲杀死约16300只水鸟。
