Anderluh Gregor, Macek Peter
Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111,1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Toxicon. 2002 Feb;40(2):111-24. doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00191-x.
More than 32 species of sea anemones have been reported to produce lethal cytolytic peptides and proteins. Based on their primary structure and functional properties, cytolysins have been classified into four polypeptide groups. Group I consists of 5-8 kDa peptides, represented by those from the sea anemones Tealia felina and Radianthus macrodactylus. These peptides form pores in phosphatidylcholine containing membranes. The most numerous is group II comprising 20 kDa basic proteins, actinoporins, isolated from several genera of the fam. Actiniidae and Stichodactylidae. Equinatoxins, sticholysins, and magnificalysins from Actinia equina, Stichodactyla helianthus, and Heteractis magnifica, respectively, have been studied mostly. They associate typically with sphingomyelin containing membranes and create cation-selective pores. The crystal structure of equinatoxin II has been determined at 1.9A resolution. Lethal 30-40 kDa cytolytic phospholipases A(2) from Aiptasia pallida (fam. Aiptasiidae) and a similar cytolysin, which is devoid of enzymatic activity, from Urticina piscivora, form group III. A thiol-activated cytolysin, metridiolysin, with a mass of 80 kDa from Metridium senile (fam. Metridiidae) is a single representative of the fourth family. Its activity is inhibited by cholesterol or phosphatides. Biological, structure-function, and pharmacological characteristics of these cytolysins are reviewed.
据报道，超过32种海葵可产生致死性细胞溶解肽和蛋白质。根据其一级结构和功能特性，细胞溶素已被分为四个多肽组。第一组由5-8 kDa的肽组成，以海葵Tealia felina和Radianthus macrodactylus的肽为代表。这些肽在含磷脂酰胆碱的膜上形成孔。数量最多的是第二组，包含20 kDa的碱性蛋白质，即actinoporins，从海葵科和列指海葵科的几个属中分离得到。分别来自海葵、太阳海葵和壮丽海葵的海葵毒素、刺海葵毒素和壮丽海葵毒素已得到最多研究。它们通常与含鞘磷脂的膜结合并形成阳离子选择性孔。海葵毒素II的晶体结构已在1.9Å分辨率下确定。来自苍白艾氏海葵（艾氏海葵科）的致死性30-40 kDa细胞溶解磷脂酶A2和来自食鱼霞水母的一种缺乏酶活性的类似细胞溶素形成第三组。来自老年细指海葵（细指海葵科）的一种质量为80 kDa的硫醇激活细胞溶素，即细指海葵溶素，是第四组的唯一代表。其活性受到胆固醇或磷脂的抑制。本文综述了这些细胞溶素的生物学、结构功能和药理学特性。
