Newell B R, Bright J E
The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Q J Exp Psychol A. 2001 Nov;54(4):1087-104. doi: 10.1080/713756009.
Three experiments are reported that investigate the relationship between the structural mere exposure effect (SMEE) and implicit learning in an artificial grammar task. Subjects were presented with stimuli generated from a finite-state grammar and were asked to memorize them. In a subsequent test phase subjects were required first to rate how much they liked novel items, and second whether or not they thought items conformed to the rules of the grammar. A small but consistent effect of grammaticality was found on subjects' liking ratings (a "structural mere exposure effect") in all three experiments, but only when encoding and testing conditions were consistent. A change in the surface representation of stimuli between encoding and test (Experiment 1), memorizing fragments of items and being tested on whole items (Experiment 2), and a mismatch of processing operations between encoding and test (Experiment 3) all removed the SMEE. In contrast, the effect of grammaticality on rule judgements remained intact in the face of all three manipulations. It is suggested that rule judgements reflect attempts to explicitly recall information about training items, whereas the SMEE can be explained in terms of an attribution of processing fluency.
本文报告了三项实验，这些实验在人工语法任务中研究了结构单纯曝光效应（SMEE）与内隐学习之间的关系。向受试者呈现由有限状态语法生成的刺激，并要求他们记住这些刺激。在随后的测试阶段，首先要求受试者对他们对新刺激的喜欢程度进行评分，其次要求他们判断刺激是否符合语法规则。在所有三项实验中，都发现语法性对受试者的喜欢程度评分有微小但一致的影响（“结构单纯曝光效应”），但只有在编码和测试条件一致时才会出现这种情况。在编码和测试之间刺激的表面表征发生变化（实验1）、记忆项目的片段并对完整项目进行测试（实验2）以及编码和测试之间处理操作不匹配（实验3），都会消除结构单纯曝光效应。相比之下，面对所有这三种操作，语法性对规则判断的影响仍然存在。研究表明，规则判断反映了明确回忆训练项目信息的尝试，而结构单纯曝光效应可以用加工流畅性的归因来解释。
