Hostýnek J J, Dreher F, Nakada T, Schwindt D, Anigbogu A, Maibach H I
Department of Dermatology of UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA.
Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 2001(212):11-8. doi: 10.1080/000155501753279587.
Sequential adhesive tape stripping was implemented to characterize the penetration of nickel salts in human stratum corneum. Exposure areas of the salts in methanol applied open on arm and back skin in low volume were stripped 20 times to the level of the glistening layer at intervals of 30 min to 24 h post-dosing, and the strips analyzed for metal content by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. In the case of nickel chloride, sulfate, nitrate and acetate, material left on the skin surface, the depth-penetration profiles in the stratum corneum, and the dosage unaccounted for suggest the following conclusions: (a) Up to 24 h, most of the nickel dose applied remains on the skin surface or is adsorbed in the uppermost layers of the stratum corneum. (b) At higher concentrations, incomplete material recovery becomes discernible; within 24 h, nickel salts thus appear to penetrate beyond the stratum corneum to a minor degree, possibly via the skin shunts. (c) While the concentration gradients of nickel adsorbed vary with counter ion, anatomical site, dose and exposure time, for all variables tested the depth profiles converge to non-detectable levels (< 20 ppb) towards the level of the glistening layer. A notable exception is nickel as nitrate, for which levels continue at low but constant levels (1% of dose) beyond the third stratum corneum strip, indicative of intercellular diffusion. (d) Differences in material recovered suggest that the stratum corneum on the arm is more penetrable to nickel than stratum corneum on the back. (e) The counter ion in nickel salts plays a major part in their diffusion into the stratum corneum, suggestive of ion pairing. Overall, the data point to all three avenues of skin penetration by nickel: intracellular, intercellular, and transappendageal.
采用连续胶带剥离法来表征镍盐在人体角质层中的渗透情况。将低体积甲醇中的镍盐涂抹于手臂和背部皮肤表面，在给药后30分钟至24小时的间隔时间内，以30分钟为间隔，对暴露区域进行20次胶带剥离，直至达到光泽层水平，然后通过电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法分析胶带中的金属含量。对于氯化镍、硫酸镍、硝酸镍和醋酸镍，留在皮肤表面的物质、角质层中的深度渗透曲线以及未解释的剂量表明以下结论：(a) 直至24小时，大部分施用的镍剂量仍留在皮肤表面或吸附在角质层的最上层。(b) 在较高浓度下，可明显看出物质回收不完全；因此，在24小时内，镍盐似乎有少量渗透到角质层之外，可能是通过皮肤旁路。(c) 虽然吸附镍的浓度梯度随抗衡离子、解剖部位、剂量和暴露时间而变化，但对于所有测试变量，深度曲线在朝向光泽层水平时均收敛至不可检测水平（<20 ppb）。一个显著的例外是硝酸镍，在第三条角质层胶带之后，其水平持续保持在低但恒定的水平（剂量的1%），这表明存在细胞间扩散。(d) 回收物质的差异表明，手臂上的角质层比背部的角质层对镍更具渗透性。(e) 镍盐中的抗衡离子在其扩散到角质层中起主要作用，提示存在离子对。总体而言，数据表明镍通过细胞内、细胞间和经附属器这三种途径穿透皮肤。
