Sheafor P J
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1975 Jul;1(3):245-60. doi: 10.1037//0097-7403.1.3.245.
Two experiments employing 180 rabbits and involving tone conditioned stimuli (CSs) and intraoral water unconditioned stimuli (UCSs) investigated pseudoconditioning of jaw movement. CS-alone, UCS-alone, paired CS-UCS, and four explicitly unpaired CS-UCS treatments were compared to no stimulus presentation. UCS-alone presentations were sufficient to produce pseudo-CR (conditioned response) acquisition. Pseudo-CRs were retained and gradually extinguished over 30 days of CS-alone presentations. Random sequences of unpaired CSc and UCSs produced higher pseudo-CR frequencies than fixed sequences. A pseudo-CR partial reinforcement extinction effect was observed. Background extinction, that is, simply confining the subject in the experimental environment without stimulation, was effective in extinguishing both pseudo-CRs and CRs. Pseudo-CR results could not be attributed to CS-UCS trace conditioning, sensory preconditioning, second-order conditioning, or intra-analyzer conditioning. Results indicate that the associative mechanisms underlying pseudoconditioning phenomena involve conditioning of associations to contextual background (apparatus, trace, temporal, and sequential aftereffect) cues by UCS-alone and unpaired UCS presentations.
两项实验共使用了180只兔子，涉及音调条件刺激（CSs）和口腔内水非条件刺激（UCSs），研究了下颌运动的假性条件作用。将单独呈现CS、单独呈现UCS、配对的CS-UCS以及四种明确不配对的CS-UCS处理与不呈现刺激进行了比较。单独呈现UCS足以产生假性条件反应（CR）习得。假性条件反应在单独呈现CS的30天内得以保留并逐渐消退。不配对的CS和UCS的随机序列比固定序列产生更高的假性条件反应频率。观察到了假性条件反应部分强化消退效应。背景消退，即仅仅将实验对象限制在实验环境中而不给予刺激，对消退假性条件反应和条件反应均有效。假性条件反应结果不能归因于CS-UCS痕迹条件作用、感觉预条件作用、二级条件作用或分析器内条件作用。结果表明，假性条件作用现象背后的联想机制涉及通过单独呈现UCS和不配对的UCS呈现，将联想条件作用于情境背景（仪器、痕迹、时间和顺序后效）线索。
