Queller Sarah, Smith Eliot R
Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002 Mar;82(3):300-13.
A distributed connectionist network can account for both bookkeeping (M. Rothbart, 1981) and subtyping (M. B. Brewer, V. Dull, & L. Lui, 1981; S. E. Taylor, 1981) effects. The finding traditionally regarded as demonstrating subtyping is that exposure to moderate (compared with extreme) disconfirmers leads to subsequent ratings of the group that are less stereotypic. Despite learning that is incremental and analogous to bookkeeping, the simulations replicate this finding and suggest that the "subtyping" pattern of results will be drastically reduced if disconfirmers are encountered before the stereotype is well-established. This novel prediction holds with human participants and offers a tantalizing suggestion: Although moderate disconfirmers may produce more stereotype change. stereotype development might be discouraged by exposure to either extreme or moderate disconfirmers.
一个分布式联结主义网络可以解释簿记效应（M. 罗斯巴特，1981年）和子类型化效应（M. B. 布鲁尔、V. 杜尔和L. 刘，1981年；S. E. 泰勒，1981年）。传统上被认为证明了子类型化的发现是，接触适度（与极端相对）的反例后，会导致对该群体的后续评价不那么刻板。尽管学习是渐进的且类似于簿记，但模拟结果重现了这一发现，并表明如果在刻板印象确立之前就遇到反例，结果的“子类型化”模式将大幅减少。这一新颖的预测适用于人类参与者，并提出了一个诱人的建议：尽管适度的反例可能会产生更多的刻板印象变化，但接触极端或适度的反例可能会阻碍刻板印象的形成。
