Hakim Nader H, Zhao Xian, Bharj Natasha
Department of Psychology, Furman University, Greenville, SC, United States.
Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Front Psychol. 2020 Dec 21;11:612780. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612780. eCollection 2020.
Tolerant discourse in the United States has responded to heightened stereotyping of Muslims as violent by countering that "not all Muslims are terrorists." This subtyping of Muslims-as some radical terrorists among mostly peaceful "moderates"-is meant to protect a image of the group but leaves the original negative stereotype unchanged. We predicted that such discourse may paradoxically increase people's support of anti-Muslim policies because the subtyping and its associated negative stereotypes justify hostile actions toward Muslims. In Study 1, subtyping predicted support for three anti-Muslim policies, but only among political moderates and conservatives. In Study 2, participants who were exposed to subtyping narratives expressed greater support for surveillance of Muslims in the United States. The effect of subtyping narrative exposure was stronger on support for hawkish anti-terror policy when participants' preexisting endorsement of subtyping was low. Irrespective of the well-meaning intentions of peaceful vs. radical subtyping, its expression can justify ongoing "War on Terror" policies. As the population of Muslims increases in North America, the intuition that most Muslims do not meet the negative stereotype may ironically reduce inclusion.
在美国，宽容的话语回应了将穆斯林高度刻板化为暴力群体的现象，反驳说“并非所有穆斯林都是恐怖分子”。这种将穆斯林进行细分——即在大多数和平的“温和派”中有一些激进恐怖分子——旨在保护该群体的形象，但原有的负面刻板印象却丝毫未变。我们预测，这种话语可能会自相矛盾地增加人们对反穆斯林政策的支持，因为这种细分及其相关的负面刻板印象为针对穆斯林的敌对行动提供了正当理由。在研究1中，细分预测了对三项反穆斯林政策的支持，但仅在政治温和派和保守派中如此。在研究2中，接触细分叙事的参与者对美国监控穆斯林表现出更大的支持。当参与者先前对细分的认可程度较低时，接触细分叙事对支持强硬反恐政策的影响更强。无论和平派与激进派细分的意图多么善意，其表达都能为当前的“反恐战争”政策提供正当理由。随着北美穆斯林人口的增加，认为大多数穆斯林不符合负面刻板印象的直觉可能会具有讽刺意味地减少包容性。
