Ceder Gunnel, Jones Alan Wayne
Department of Forensic Chemistry, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
J Forensic Sci. 2002 Mar;47(2):366-8.
Concentrations of unconjugated morphine, codeine and 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM), the specific metabolite of heroin, were determined in urine specimens from 339 individuals apprehended for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) in Sweden. After an initial screening analysis by immunoassay for 5-classes of abused drugs (opiates, cannabinoids, amphetamine analogs, cocaine metabolite and benzodiazepines), all positive specimens were verified by more specific methods. Opiates and other illicit drugs were analyzed by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The limits of quantitation for morphine, codeine and 6-AM in urine were 20 ng/mL. Calibration plots included an upper concentration limit of 1000 ng/mL for each opiate. We identified the heroin metabolite 6-AM in 212 urine specimens (62%) at concentrations ranging from 20 ng/mL to > 1000 ng/mL. The concentration of 6-AM exceeded 1000 ng/mL in 79 cases (37%) and 31 cases (15%) were between 20 and 99 ng/mL. When 6-AM was present in urine the concentration of morphine was above 1000 ng/mL in 196 cases (92%). The concentrations of codeine in these same urine specimens were more evenly distributed with 35% being above 1000 ng/mL and 21% below 100 ng/mL. These results give a clear picture of the concentrations of unconjugated morphine, codeine and 6-acetylmorphine that can be expected in opiate-positive urine specimens from individuals apprehended for DUID after taking heroin.
对瑞典339名因涉嫌药物影响下驾驶（DUID）而被捕人员的尿液样本，测定了其中未结合的吗啡、可待因以及海洛因的特定代谢物6-乙酰吗啡（6-AM）的浓度。通过免疫分析法对5类滥用药物（阿片类、大麻类、苯丙胺类似物、可卡因代谢物和苯二氮䓬类）进行初步筛查分析后，所有阳性样本均采用更具特异性的方法进行验证。阿片类药物和其他非法药物通过同位素稀释气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）进行分析。尿液中吗啡、可待因和6-AM的定量限为20 ng/mL。校准曲线中每种阿片类药物的浓度上限为1000 ng/mL。我们在212份尿液样本（62%）中检测到海洛因代谢物6-AM，其浓度范围为20 ng/mL至>1000 ng/mL。79例（37%）样本中6-AM的浓度超过1000 ng/mL，31例（15%）样本中6-AM的浓度在20至99 ng/mL之间。当尿液中存在6-AM时，196例（92%）样本中吗啡的浓度高于1000 ng/mL。这些相同尿液样本中可待因的浓度分布更为均匀，35%高于1000 ng/mL，21%低于100 ng/mL。这些结果清晰地呈现了服用海洛因后因涉嫌DUID而被捕人员的阿片类阳性尿液样本中未结合的吗啡、可待因和6-乙酰吗啡的浓度情况。
