Rapport L J, Van Voorhis A, Tzelepis A, Friedman S R
Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
Clin Neuropsychol. 2001 Dec;15(4):479-91. doi: 10.1076/clin.15.4.479.1878.
The present study examined the executive abilities of 35 adults diagnosed with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivily Disorder (ADHD) and 32 adults without the disorder (n = 67) who were equivalent in age, gender, years of education, and Full Scale IQ. The ADHD group performed significantly worse on Stroop Color-Word (eta(2) =.18) and Interference (eta( 2) =.08), as well as time to complete Trails B (eta(2) =.08) than the controls (all ps <. 05). Analysis of Design Fluency indicated that the ADHD group committed more perseverative (eta(2) =.06) and non-perseverative (eta(2) =.12) errors than did controls; however, novel output was equivalent for the groups. No group differences were observed on tests measuring cognitive initiation, abstract thinking, or working memory (all ps >.30; eta(2) =.00-.01). The distributions of WCST variables showed severe skew associated with high-functioning performance on the test among both groups. The pattern of results suggests the presence of specific deficits in response inhibition, with intact abilities in other cognitive domains, such as primary verbal and visuospatial skills. These findings are consistent with the literature on neuropsychological deficits among children with ADHD. That persons with ADHD present a primary deficit of behavioral inhibition supports Barkley's (1997) theory of ADHD, as opposed to theories by Denckla (1996) and Roberts and Pennington (1996) that emphasize intention and working memory.
本研究考察了35名被诊断患有注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的成年人以及32名未患该障碍的成年人（n = 67）的执行能力，这些成年人在年龄、性别、受教育年限和全量表智商方面相当。与对照组相比，ADHD组在斯特鲁普颜色-文字测试（η² = 0.18）、干扰测试（η² = 0.08）以及完成连线测验B的时间（η² = 0.08）上表现显著更差（所有p值 < 0.05）。设计流畅性分析表明，ADHD组比对照组出现了更多的持续性错误（η² = 0.06）和非持续性错误（η² = 0.12）；然而，两组的新颖输出相当。在测量认知启动、抽象思维或工作记忆的测试中未观察到组间差异（所有p值 > 0.30；η² = 0.00 - 0.01）。威斯康星卡片分类测验变量的分布显示，两组在该测试的高功能表现方面均存在严重偏态。结果模式表明，在反应抑制方面存在特定缺陷，而在其他认知领域，如基本语言和视觉空间技能方面能力完好。这些发现与关于ADHD儿童神经心理缺陷的文献一致。ADHD患者存在行为抑制的主要缺陷，这支持了巴克利（1997）的ADHD理论，与丹克拉（1996）以及罗伯茨和彭宁顿（1996）强调意图和工作记忆的理论相反。
