Gotschi Thomas, Oglesby Lucy, Mathys Patrick, Monn Christian, Manalis Nikos, Koistinen Kimmo, Jantunen Matti, Hanninen Otto, Polanska Liba, Kunzli Nino
Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Switzerland.
Environ Sci Technol. 2002 Mar 15;36(6):1191-7. doi: 10.1021/es010079n.
Recent studies on separated particle-size fractions highlight the health significance of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microm (PM2.5), but gravimetric methods do not identify specific particle sources. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) contain elemental carbon (EC), the dominant light-absorbing substance in the atmosphere. Black smoke (BS) is a measure for light absorption of PM and, thus, an alternative way to estimating EC concentrations, which may serve as a proxy for diesel exhaust emissions. We analyzed PM2.5 and BS data collected within the EXPOLIS study (Air Pollution Exposure Distribution within Adult Urban Populations in Europe) in Athens, Basel, Helsinki, and Prague. 186 indoor/outdoor filter pairs were sampled and analyzed. PM2.5 and BS levels were lowest in Helsinki, moderate in Basel, and remarkably higher in Athens and Prague. In each city, Spearman correlation coefficients of indoor versus outdoor were higher for BS (range rspearman: 0.57-0.86) than for PM2.5 (0.05-0.69). In a BS linear regression model (all data), outdoor levels explained clearly more of indoor variation (86%) than in the corresponding PM2.5 model (59%). In conclusion, ambient BS seizes a health-relevant fraction of fine particles to which people are exposed indoors and outdoors and exposure to which can be assessed by monitoring outdoor concentrations. BS measured on PM2.5 filters can be recommended as a valid and cheap additional indicator in studies on combustion-related air pollution and health.
近期对不同粒径颗粒物组分的研究凸显了粒径小于2.5微米的颗粒物（PM2.5）对健康的重要性，但重量法无法确定具体的颗粒物来源。柴油车尾气颗粒（DEP）含有元素碳（EC），这是大气中主要的吸光物质。黑烟（BS）是衡量颗粒物吸光性的指标，因此是估算EC浓度的另一种方法，可作为柴油车尾气排放的替代指标。我们分析了在雅典、巴塞尔、赫尔辛基和布拉格开展的EXPOLIS研究（欧洲成年城市人口空气污染暴露分布）中收集的PM2.5和BS数据。共采集并分析了186对室内/室外滤膜样本。赫尔辛基的PM2.5和BS水平最低，巴塞尔适中，而雅典和布拉格则显著更高。在每个城市，BS的室内与室外斯皮尔曼相关系数（范围：rspearman = 0.57 - 0.86）高于PM2.5（0.05 - 0.69）。在BS线性回归模型（所有数据）中，室外水平对室内变化的解释程度（86%）明显高于相应的PM2.5模型（59%）。总之，环境中的BS占人们在室内和室外接触的细颗粒物中与健康相关的一部分，通过监测室外浓度可对其暴露情况进行评估。在与燃烧相关的空气污染和健康研究中，可推荐将在PM2.5滤膜上测得的BS作为一种有效且廉价的附加指标。
