Akhtar Salman
Psychoanal Q. 2002 Apr;71(2):175-212. doi: 10.1002/j.2167-4086.2002.tb00010.x.
This paper integrates a diverse and scattered literature to describe the psychodynamic underpinnings of granting and seeking forgiveness. The evolutionary foundations and the developmental substrate of these capacities are elucidated. An individual who fails to make certain intrapsychic achievements may be vulnerable to psychopathological development, as is evident in those who cannot forgive or forgive too readily, constantly or never seek others' forgiveness, cannot accept forgiveness, or show an imbalance between their capacities to forgive themselves and to forgive others. The relevance of various developmental and phenomenological concepts to psychoanalytic technique, including the patient's need to forgive and to be forgiven, is also discussed.
本文整合了多样且零散的文献，以描述给予和寻求宽恕的心理动力学基础。阐明了这些能力的进化基础和发展根源。未能在心理内部取得某些成就的个体可能易患精神病理发展问题，这在那些无法宽恕、或过于轻易、频繁或从不寻求他人宽恕、无法接受宽恕、或在自我宽恕与宽恕他人的能力之间表现出失衡的人身上很明显。还讨论了各种发展和现象学概念与精神分析技术的相关性，包括患者宽恕和被宽恕的需求。
