Horwitz Leonard
Greater Kansas City Psychoanalytic Institute, USA.
J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 2005 Spring;53(2):485-511. doi: 10.1177/00030651050530021401.
The topic of forgiveness, despite its importance for the continuity of relationships and for the mental health of the aggrieved party, is relatively neglected in the psychoanalytic literature, perhaps because it is often seen as the province of religion and carries the connotation of reaction formation and inauthenticity. However, genuine forgiveness involves significant intrapsychic work, conscious and unconscious working through of one's anger, and putting the offense into the context of an integrated view of the whole person of the offender. Early developmental structures are the ground on which the relative ability to let go of a grievance depends. While later motives and defenses (e.g., fear of retraumatization, avoidance of shame) may also play a role, these early structures are primary. They are described here in terms of attainment of the depressive position and the development of a sense of secure attachment, the capacity to mentalize, and the ability to mourn.
宽恕这一主题，尽管它对人际关系的延续以及受伤害方的心理健康至关重要，但在精神分析文献中却相对被忽视了，这或许是因为它常常被视为宗教范畴，带有反向形成和不真实的含义。然而，真正的宽恕涉及大量的心理内部工作，有意识和无意识地处理自己的愤怒，并将冒犯行为置于对冒犯者整个人的综合看法的背景中。早期发展结构是放下怨恨的相对能力所依赖的基础。虽然后来的动机和防御机制（例如，害怕再次受创伤、避免羞耻）也可能起作用，但这些早期结构是首要的。这里从抑郁位置的达成、安全感的发展、心理化能力以及哀悼能力等方面对它们进行描述。
