Baier G, Stopper Helga, Kopp Corinna, Winkler Ulrike, Zwirner-Baier Iris
Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkranke, Kopf- und Halschirurgie Würzburg, Germany.
Laryngorhinootologie. 2002 Mar;81(3):217-25. doi: 10.1055/s-2002-25038.
Tobacco smoke, containing more than 4800 chemical substances with a large number of mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds, is the most important indoor pollution. Aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between exposure of children (2-15 years) to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) with the amount of respiratory diseases, the occurrence of atopic diseases and the risk for genotoxic damage.
Within the last 1.5 years 216 children were included in the study. Smoking habits of the family, environmental settings, housing, nutrition, social and economic factors were assessed by a detailed questionnaire. Two different effect markers were used to assess molecular and genetic damage. Biochemical effect of ETS was quantified by 4-aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin (4-ABP-Hb) adducts and the genotoxic damage was determined by chromosomal damage as seen in the micro nucleus test in lymphocytes.
Chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis are accumulated in the ETS-exposed children. In the ETS-group atopic diseases (allergic rhinitis, extrinsic asthma or neurodermatitis) were significantly more frequent (39.5 %, p = 0.01) than in the non-exposed group (23 %). In addition the genetic predisposition was significantly decreased in the ETS-group (20.8 %, p = 0.048) compared to the non-exposed group (45 %). Until now, blood samples of 63 individuals were analysed for Hb adducts and 92 for micro nuclei. Hemoglobin adducts of 4-ABP, a human carcinogenic aromatic amine, were significantly elevated in children with smoking parents (mean: 82.2pg/g Hb, p = 0.003) compared to children with non-smoking parents (mean: 60.6 pg/g Hb). ETS-exposed children showed significantly higher micro nucleus frequencies (mean ETS: 8.0/1000 binucleate (BN) cells, p = 0.001) than non-ETS exposed children (mean: 6.2/1000 BN cells).
Our data underline the thesis, that ETS plays an important role for the development of atopic diseases. The significantly increased effect markers of tobacco smoke in exposed children give evidence, that ETS causes elevated molecular and genotoxic damage in children.
烟草烟雾含有4800多种化学物质，其中大量具有致突变和致癌化合物，是最重要的室内污染物。本研究的目的是分析2至15岁儿童接触环境烟草烟雾（ETS）与呼吸道疾病数量、特应性疾病的发生以及遗传毒性损伤风险之间的关系。
在过去1.5年中，216名儿童被纳入研究。通过详细问卷评估家庭吸烟习惯、环境状况、住房、营养、社会和经济因素。使用两种不同的效应标志物来评估分子和遗传损伤。ETS的生化效应通过4-氨基联苯-血红蛋白（4-ABP-Hb）加合物进行量化，遗传毒性损伤通过淋巴细胞微核试验中观察到的染色体损伤来确定。
慢性鼻窦炎和过敏性鼻炎在接触ETS的儿童中更为常见。在ETS组中，特应性疾病（过敏性鼻炎、外源性哮喘或神经性皮炎）的发生率（39.5%，p = 0.01）显著高于未接触组（23%）。此外，与未接触组（45%）相比，ETS组的遗传易感性显著降低（20.8%，p = 0.048）。到目前为止，对63人的血样进行了Hb加合物分析，对92人的血样进行了微核分析。与父母不吸烟的儿童（平均：60.6 pg/g Hb）相比，父母吸烟儿童的4-ABP（一种人类致癌芳香胺）血红蛋白加合物显著升高（平均：82.2 pg/g Hb，p = 0.003）。接触ETS的儿童显示出比未接触ETS的儿童显著更高的微核频率（平均ETS组：8.0/1000双核（BN）细胞，p = 0.001）（平均：6.2/1000 BN细胞）。
我们的数据支持这一论点，即ETS在特应性疾病的发展中起重要作用。接触烟草烟雾的儿童中显著增加的效应标志物表明，ETS会导致儿童分子和遗传毒性损伤增加。
