Jagdale Ganpati B, Grewal Parwinder S
Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
Pest Manag Sci. 2002 May;58(5):451-8. doi: 10.1002/ps.472.
The foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides spp, have emerged as important pests of ornamentals in North America during the last decade. Due to the ban on the use of potentially toxic pesticides, there are currently no nematicides registered to manage foliar nematodes on ornamentals. Therefore, we have evaluated a biological [Burkholderia cepacia (syn Pseudomonas cepacia)], two plant products [clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extract and Nimbecidine (azadirachtin)] and twelve chemical pesticides registered for the management of insects, mites, slugs or diseases of ornamentals, against Aphelenchoides fragariae on the most popular ornamental, hosta (Hosta spp), for two consecutive years. We found ZeroTol (270 g liter-1 peroxyacetic acid), currently labeled as a broad-spectrum fungicide/algicide, to be a very potent nematicide that killed 100% of the nematodes in water suspension. It also caused over 70% reduction in A fragariae population in soil and in the leaves without any phytotoxicity. B cepacia caused 67-85% reduction in A fragariae population in leaves and 50% reduction in the soil whereas insecticidal soap caused over 72% reduction in leaves and 61% reduction in the soil. Clove extract and Nimbecidine did not show any potential for the control of A fragariae on hosta. Although all twelve chemical pesticides were effective in reducing the population of A fragariae in the soil 45 days after treatment (DAT), only diazinon 475 g liter-1 EC, trichlorfon 800 g kg-1 SP, ethoprophos 100 g kg-1 GR, oxamyl 100 g kg-1 GR and ZeroTol caused over 70% reduction in nematode population compared with the control. In the leaves, only diazinon EC, trichlorfon SP, insecticidal soap, oxamyl GR and ZeroTol consistently caused over 70% nematode population reduction compared with the control at 45 DAT in both years. Thus, only diazinon EC, trichlorfon SP, oxamyl GR and ZeroTol consistently caused over 70% reduction in nematode population both in soil and leaves. Due to the recent ban by the US Environmental Protection Agency on the use of the first three of these formulations, only ZeroTol would serve as an effective tool to manage foliar nematodes in ornamentals. Although not as effective as ZeroTol in the soil, insecticidal soap is the only other alternative for foliar nematode management.
在过去十年中，叶部线虫（滑刃线虫属）已成为北美观赏植物的重要害虫。由于禁止使用具有潜在毒性的杀虫剂，目前没有登记用于防治观赏植物叶部线虫的杀线虫剂。因此，我们连续两年评估了一种生物制剂[洋葱伯克霍尔德菌（曾用名洋葱假单胞菌）]、两种植物产品[丁香（丁香）提取物和印楝素]以及十二种登记用于防治观赏植物昆虫、螨虫、蛞蝓或病害的化学农药，针对最常见的观赏植物玉簪（玉簪属）上的草莓滑刃线虫进行防治。我们发现ZeroTol（270克/升过氧乙酸），目前被标记为广谱杀菌剂/除藻剂，是一种非常有效的杀线虫剂，能杀死水悬浮液中100%的线虫。它还使土壤和叶片中的草莓滑刃线虫数量减少了70%以上，且没有任何植物毒性。洋葱伯克霍尔德菌使叶片中的草莓滑刃线虫数量减少了67 - 85%，土壤中减少了50%，而杀虫皂使叶片中的线虫数量减少了72%以上，土壤中减少了61%。丁香提取物和印楝素在防治玉簪上的草莓滑刃线虫方面没有显示出任何潜力。尽管所有十二种化学农药在处理后45天（DAT）都能有效减少土壤中草莓滑刃线虫的数量，但与对照相比，只有475克/升二嗪农乳油、800克/千克敌百虫可溶性粉剂、100克/千克丙线磷颗粒剂、100克/千克杀线威颗粒剂和ZeroTol使线虫数量减少了70%以上。在叶片中，只有二嗪农乳油、敌百虫可溶性粉剂、杀虫皂、杀线威颗粒剂和ZeroTol在两年的45 DAT时与对照相比始终使线虫数量减少70%以上。因此，只有二嗪农乳油、敌百虫可溶性粉剂、杀线威颗粒剂和ZeroTol始终使土壤和叶片中的线虫数量减少70%以上。由于美国环境保护局最近禁止使用前三种制剂，只有ZeroTol可作为防治观赏植物叶部线虫的有效工具。尽管在土壤中不如ZeroTol有效，但杀虫皂是叶部线虫防治的唯一其他选择。
