Demirel Y, Sandler S I
Science and Engineering, Winona State University, 203A Stark Hall, Winona, MN 55987, USA.
Biophys Chem. 2002 Jun 19;97(2-3):87-111. doi: 10.1016/s0301-4622(02)00069-8.
Bioenergetics is concerned with the energy conservation and conversion processes in a living cell, particularly in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. This review summarizes the role of thermodynamics in understanding the coupling between the chemical reactions and the transport of substances in bioenergetics. Thermodynamics has the advantages of identifying possible pathways, providing a measure of the efficiency of energy conversion, and of the coupling between various processes without requiring a detailed knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. In the last five decades, various new approaches in thermodynamics, non-equilibrium thermodynamics and network thermodynamics have been developed to understand the transport and rate processes in physical and biological systems. For systems not far from equilibrium the theory of linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics is used, while extended non-equilibrium thermodynamics is used for systems far away from equilibrium. All these approaches are based on the irreversible character of flows and forces of an open system. Here, linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics is mostly discussed as it is the most advanced. We also review attempts to incorporate the mechanisms of a process into some formulations of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The formulation of linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics for facilitated transport and active transport, which represent the key processes of coupled phenomena of transport and chemical reactions, is also presented. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the application of non-equilibrium thermodynamics to bioenergetics, and introduce the basic methods and equations that are used. However, the reader will have to consult the literature reference to see the details of the specific applications.
生物能量学关注活细胞中的能量守恒和转换过程，特别是线粒体的内膜。本综述总结了热力学在理解生物能量学中化学反应与物质运输之间耦合关系方面的作用。热力学具有识别可能途径、衡量能量转换效率以及衡量各种过程之间耦合程度的优势，而无需深入了解潜在机制。在过去的五十年中，已经开发了各种热力学、非平衡热力学和网络热力学的新方法，以理解物理和生物系统中的运输和速率过程。对于远离平衡的系统，使用线性非平衡热力学理论，而对于远离平衡的系统，则使用扩展非平衡热力学。所有这些方法都基于开放系统中流和力的不可逆特性。在这里，主要讨论线性非平衡热力学，因为它是最先进的。我们还回顾了将过程机制纳入非平衡热力学某些公式的尝试。还介绍了促进运输和主动运输的线性非平衡热力学公式，这两种运输代表了运输和化学反应耦合现象的关键过程。本综述的目的是概述非平衡热力学在生物能量学中的应用，并介绍所使用的基本方法和方程。然而，读者将不得不查阅文献参考资料以了解具体应用的细节。
