Urbansky Edward Todd
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Water Supply and Water Resources Division, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2002;9(3):187-92. doi: 10.1007/BF02987487.
Perchlorate anion (ClO4-) has been found in drinking water supplies throughout the southwestern United States. It is primarily associated with releases of ammonium perchlorate by defense contractors, military operations, and aerospace programs. Ammonium perchlorate is used as a solid oxidant in missile and rocket propulsion systems. Traces of perchlorate are found in Chile saltpeter, but the use of such fertilizer has not been associated with large scale contamination. Although it is a strong oxidant, perchlorate anion is very persistent in the environment due to the high activation energy associated with its reduction. At high enough concentrations, perchlorate can affect thyroid gland functions, where it is mistakenly taken up in place of iodide. A safe daily exposure has not yet been set, but is expected to be released in 2002. Perchlorate is measured in environmental samples primarily by ion chromatography. It can be removed by anion exchange or membrane filtration. It is destroyed by some biological and chemical processes. The environmental occurrence, toxicity, analytical chemistry, and remediative approaches are discussed.
在美国西南部的饮用水供应中发现了高氯酸根阴离子（ClO4-）。它主要与国防承包商、军事行动和航空航天项目中高氯酸铵的释放有关。高氯酸铵在导弹和火箭推进系统中用作固体氧化剂。智利硝石中发现有痕量高氯酸盐，但使用这种肥料并未导致大规模污染。尽管高氯酸根阴离子是一种强氧化剂，但由于其还原反应的活化能很高，所以它在环境中非常持久。在足够高的浓度下，高氯酸根会影响甲状腺功能，它会被错误地当作碘离子被甲状腺摄取。目前尚未设定每日安全暴露量，但预计将在2002年公布。环境样品中的高氯酸盐主要通过离子色谱法测定。它可以通过阴离子交换或膜过滤去除。它会被一些生物和化学过程破坏。本文讨论了高氯酸盐在环境中的存在情况、毒性、分析化学以及修复方法。
