Kumarathilaka Prasanna, Oze Christopher, Indraratne S P, Vithanage Meththika
Chemical and Environmental Systems Modeling Research Group, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
Geology Department, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Rd., Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA.
Chemosphere. 2016 May;150:667-677. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.109. Epub 2016 Feb 8.
Perchlorate ( [Formula: see text] ) is a strong oxidizer and has gained significant attention due to its reactivity, occurrence, and persistence in surface water, groundwater, soil and food. Stable isotope techniques (i.e., ((18)O/(16)O and (17)O/(16)O) and (37)Cl/(35)Cl) facilitate the differentiation of naturally occurring perchlorate from anthropogenic perchlorate. At high enough concentrations, perchlorate can inhibit proper function of the thyroid gland. Dietary reference dose (RfD) for perchlorate exposure from both food and water is set at 0.7 μg kg(-1) body weight/day which translates to a drinking water level of 24.5 μg L(-1). Chromatographic techniques (i.e., ion chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) can be successfully used to detect trace level of perchlorate in environmental samples. Perchlorate can be effectively removed by wide variety of remediation techniques such as bio-reduction, chemical reduction, adsorption, membrane filtration, ion exchange and electro-reduction. Bio-reduction is appropriate for large scale treatment plants whereas ion exchange is suitable for removing trace level of perchlorate in aqueous medium. The environmental occurrence of perchlorate, toxicity, analytical techniques, removal technologies are presented.
高氯酸盐（[化学式：见原文]）是一种强氧化剂，因其在地表水、地下水、土壤和食物中的反应活性、存在情况和持久性而备受关注。稳定同位素技术（即（（18）O/（16）O和（17）O/（16）O）以及（37）Cl/（35）Cl）有助于区分天然存在的高氯酸盐和人为来源的高氯酸盐。在足够高的浓度下，高氯酸盐会抑制甲状腺的正常功能。食物和水中高氯酸盐暴露的膳食参考剂量（RfD）设定为0.7μg kg-1体重/天，这相当于饮用水中高氯酸盐的含量为24.5μg L-1。色谱技术（即离子色谱和液相色谱质谱联用）可成功用于检测环境样品中痕量水平的高氯酸盐。高氯酸盐可通过多种修复技术有效去除，如生物还原、化学还原、吸附、膜过滤、离子交换和电还原。生物还原适用于大型处理厂，而离子交换适用于去除水介质中痕量水平的高氯酸盐。本文介绍了高氯酸盐在环境中的存在情况、毒性、分析技术和去除技术。
