Turrittin Jane, Hagey Rebecca, Guruge Sepali, Collins Enid, Mitchell Mitzi
Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H4.
Int J Nurs Stud. 2002 Aug;39(6):655-67. doi: 10.1016/s0020-7489(02)00003-2.
This interpretive research analyses the discourse of nurses who migrated to Canada and experienced racism. They also experienced reprisals when they formally complained about racism in a context of denial of the problem of racism by colleagues and employers. The present work focuses on two issues arising from the data: the problem of how to make racism visible among those who have a vested interest in denying its existence and the emotional cool of those filing grievances or complaints in contrast with the hot reaction of those being challenged when racism is named. We introduce two theoretical perspectives to address these phenomena called democratic racism and cosmopolitan citizenship, respectively. The former, as defined by Henry et al. (The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society. Harcourt Brace, Canada, Toronto, 1996), describes the coexistence of both democratic values and practices that discount people of colour advertently or inadvertently. We outline the notion of cosmopolitan citizenship that is argued by Turner (Politics of the Global City. Routledge, London, 2000) to be an orientation resulting from global microcosms in cities teeming with diversity. The characteristic orientations of cool and stewardship are useful for describing some of the discourse expressed by each participant in our study all of whom challenged racism practices, not on nationalistic grounds, but rather out of concern for universal human rights. Their characteristics qualify them for cosmopolitan citizenship under Turner's perspective. We suggest that anti-racist activists have been cosmopolitan citizens for decades and argue that while cosmopolitan citizenship may have taken root in neo-liberal movements, it appears to have tactical attributes in the struggle with democratic racism. In conclusion, we advocate for a cosmopolitan citizenship ethic to facilitate a rational move toward racial integration in the profession through the sharing of power and privilege. One goal in confronting racism is the accountability for whiteness: immunity from responsibility or apology.
这项诠释性研究分析了移民到加拿大并经历种族主义的护士们的话语。当她们在同事和雇主否认种族主义问题的背景下正式投诉种族主义时，还遭遇了报复。本研究聚焦于数据中出现的两个问题：如何在那些既得利益在于否认种族主义存在的人当中让种族主义显现出来，以及与那些在种族主义被点名时受到挑战的人激烈反应形成对比的是，那些提出申诉或投诉的人的情绪冷静。我们引入两种理论视角来处理这些现象，分别称为民主种族主义和世界主义公民身份。前者，如亨利等人（《民主的颜色：加拿大社会的种族主义》。哈考特·布雷斯出版社，加拿大多伦多，1996年）所定义的，描述了民主价值观和实践的共存，这些价值观和实践有意无意地贬低有色人种。我们概述了特纳（《全球城市的政治》。劳特利奇出版社，伦敦，2000年）所主张的世界主义公民身份的概念，即它是城市中充满多样性的全球缩影所产生的一种取向。冷静和管理的特征取向有助于描述我们研究中的每个参与者所表达的一些话语，他们所有人挑战种族主义做法，并非基于民族主义理由，而是出于对普遍人权的关注。从特纳的视角来看，他们的这些特征使他们具备世界主义公民身份。我们认为反种族主义活动家几十年来一直是世界主义公民，并主张虽然世界主义公民身份可能已在新自由主义运动中扎根，但在与民主种族主义的斗争中它似乎具有策略属性。总之，我们倡导一种世界主义公民身份伦理，以通过权力和特权的分享促进该职业朝着种族融合的理性迈进。对抗种族主义的一个目标是对白人特权的问责：免于责任或道歉（的特权）。
