Yárnez Cortés R
Acta Psiquiatr Psicol Am Lat. 1975 Sep-Dec;31(3-4):193-8.
The focus of XXth. Century epistemological concern is the foundation of Social Sciencies, understood as "Sciences endowed with ambiguity" in a double meaning: the possibility of producing their own theoretical object, and the fluctuation between what is ontologically (scientifically) produced and the "ontically" given ideology. At closer range, the problem is to be set in terms of the relationship between Science and Ideology. In order to better understand the foundation of Social Sciences, two levels are to be analyzed: a) negative-critical: the given "ontical" Ideology is lead to crisis, thus paving the way to replacement by Scientific Theory; b) positive-constructive: the actual production of the formal object (ontologic) or, as it were, the transformation of objects made "opaque" by Ideology, into "transparent" ones. In other words, Ideology sets a frame, fencing in the production of concepts and becoming thus the main "epistemological obstacle", in the way of scientific production. Still other epistemological obstacles are slowing down or jeopardizing the construction of Social Sciences, such as: a) intellectualism, contending the entire explanation of phenomena is to be found within the theoretical discourse and its deductive development; and b) naturalism, asserting the same but in reference to its inductive discurse. Only by means of critical examination of epistemological obstacles, and by leading to crisis the "ontically" given Ideologies, the possibility of scientific production is open.
20世纪认识论关注的焦点是社会科学的基础，社会科学被理解为具有双重意义的“模糊科学”：一是能够产生自身的理论对象，二是在本体论（科学）所产生的内容与“实际存在”的既定意识形态之间存在波动。更近一步来看，问题在于科学与意识形态之间的关系。为了更好地理解社会科学的基础，需要分析两个层面：a）否定批判层面：既定的“实际存在”的意识形态陷入危机，从而为被科学理论取代铺平道路；b）积极建构层面：形式对象（本体论）的实际产生，或者可以说，将被意识形态弄得“晦涩难懂”的对象转化为“清晰明了”的对象。换句话说，意识形态设定了一个框架，限制了概念的产生，从而成为科学产生过程中的主要“认识论障碍”。还有其他一些认识论障碍也在减缓或危及社会科学的建构，比如：a）唯理智论，主张现象的全部解释都能在理论话语及其演绎发展中找到；b）自然主义，同样如此，但涉及归纳话语。只有通过对认识论障碍进行批判性审视，并使既定的“实际存在”的意识形态陷入危机，科学产生的可能性才会开启。
